Pakistans Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management free essay sample

Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management Pakistan Discussion Draft, December 2006  © 2006 Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center. All rights held. Distributed 2006 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Imprinted in the Philippines. ADB encouraged this examination through its Regional Technical Assistance 6291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The Study was driven by the CAI-Asia Secretariat and the data contained in this report was created by the CAI-Asia Secretariat with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else. The perspectives communicated in this report are those of the creators and don't really mirror the perspectives on ADB or its Board of Governors or the Governments they speak to. ADB doesn't ensure the precision of the information remembered for the distribution and acknowledges no duty regarding any result of their utilization. The term â€Å"country† doesn't suggest any judgment by ADB to the lawful or different status of any regional substance. Chapter by chapter list Tables and Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgments General Information Geography and Climate Population and Urbanization Economy and Industry Energy Transportation Sources of Air Pollution Status of Air Quality (State) Air Quality Monitoring System Air Quality Data Impacts of Air Pollution Air Quality Management Legal Basis and Mandate Ambient Air Quality Standards Management of Mobile Sources Management of Stationary Sources Management of Area Sources and Dust Public/Nongovernment Participation Conclusion References v vi 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 3. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 1 5. 2 Hourly Average Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Pakistani Cities in 2000 Climatic Conditions for the Four Cycles Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (Billion Rs) Proposed Measures to Address Air Pollution in Pakistan in PCAP SO2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oil and Coal Power Plants and Corresponding Emissions Limits 5 6 8 10 1 Figure s 1. 1. 2 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3. 4 3. 5 Primary Energy Supplies in Pakistan by Source, 2004â€2005 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Pakistan 48-hour Mean of PM10 in Major Pakistani Cities 48-hour Mean of SO2 in Major Pakistani Cities NOx Levels in Major Pakistani Cities Ambient Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Di? erent Cities in Pakistan O3 Levels in Major Pakistani Cities 2 3 6 7 Box 5. 1 Lahore’s Initiatives to Improve Air Quality 11 Shortened forms ?g/m3 ADB AQ AQM Btu CAIâ€Asia CDG CNG CO CO2 ENERCON EPA FERTS GDP GEF IAEA IM JICA km km2 ktoe LPG MoE NEAP NGO NO2 NOx micrograms per cubic meter Asian Development Bank air quality air quality administration British warm unit Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities City District Governments packed gaseous petrol Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide National Energy Conservation Center Environmental Protection Agency Fuel E? iency in Road Transport Sector total national output Global Environment Facility International Atomic Energy Agency examination and upkeep Japan International Cooperation Agency kilometer square kilometer kilotons of oil equal lique? ed oil gas Ministry of Environment National Environmental Action Plan nongovernment association Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxide/s NWFP O3 PAH PCAP PEPC PM PM10 PM2. 5 ppb ppm RON SO2 SOx SPM SUPARCO toe TSP UNDP UNEP USEPA VOC Northâ€West Frontier Province Ozone olyaromatic hydrocarbons Pakistan Clean Air Program Pakis tan Environment Protection Council particulate issue particulate issue with a distance across not in excess of 10 microns particulate issue with a breadth not more than 2. 5 microns parts for every billion sections for each million Research Octane Number Sulfur dioxide Sulfur oxide/s Suspended Particulate Matter Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission huge amounts of oil identical complete suspended particulates United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Program United States Environmental Protection Agency unpredictable natural mixes Note: â€Å"$† implies â€Å"US dollar† in this distribution. Affirmations This arrangement of nation reports is the ? rst time that a far reaching outline of urban air quality administration (AQM) at the nation level has been set up in Asia. Examination assemblage for this nation amalgamation report (CSR) on Urban Air Quality Management was driven by the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAIâ€Asia) Secretariat, with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else and encouraged by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its Regional Technical Assistance No. 291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The essential creators of the reports are Ms. Aurora Fe Ables, Ms. May Ajero, Mr. Herbert Fabian, and Ms. Ninette Ramirez, all from CAIâ€Asia, under the management of Mr. Cornie Huizenga, Head of Secretariat, CAIâ€Asia. The CSRs were set up with help from volunteer creators from the di? erent nati ons and encouraged by CAIâ€Asia nearby systems in Nepal (Clean Air Networkâ€Nepal), (Pakistan Clean Air Network), Philippines (Partnership for Clean Air [PCA]), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) (CAIâ€Asia Project O? e), Sri Lanka (Clean Air Sri Lanka), and Viet Nam (Viet Nam Clean Air Partnership). CAIâ€Asia nearby systems have likewise composed in the individual nations an improvement accomplices meeting on clean air where introductory drafts of the CSRs were introduced to neighborhood AQM partners. For the Pakistan Country Synthesis Report, CAIâ€Asia stretches out its sincerest gratitude to Director Zia Ul Islam of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency for evaluating the report and giving extra data. Mr. Mohammad Aqib, Coordinator of the Pakistan Clean Air Network; Mr. Ahmad Saeed of the World Conservation Union (IUCN); and Mr. Hassaan Ghazali, Research Analyst, Urban Unit of the Government of Punjab, have been instrumental in concocting a ? rst draft of the report and for giving extra data. CAIâ€Asia might want to express gratitude toward ADB for encouraging the examination, and particularly to Mr. Masami Tsuji, Senior Environment Specialist; Dr. David McCauley, Senior Environmental Economist; and Mr. Nessim Ahmad, Directorâ€all from the Environment and Social Safeguard Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Departmentâ€for giving direction. Ms. Glynda Bathan, Mr. Michael Co, Ms. Agatha Diaz, and Ms. Gianina Panopio of CAIâ€Asia are additionally recognized for their calculated and specialized help for the CSR group. CAIâ€Asia and the separate nation Ministries of Environments investigated the volumeâ€with specialized survey contributions from Prof. Blunt Murray of Murdoch University. Ms. Agnes Adre and Ms. Mama. Theresa Castillo copyedited this arrangement of nation reports. Mr. Segundo dela Cruz, Jr. taken care of the visual computerization and the format.  » Part One General Information Geography and Climate Pakistan is separated into four significant regions that by and large compare to the major land arrangements in the nation: the Northâ€West Frontier Province (NWFP) in the good countries up north circumscribing Afghanistan and the People’s Republic of China; the Balochistan Plateau; and Punjab and Sindh Provinces in the fields partitioned by the Indus River. These fields are the most fruitful and furthermore the most thickly populated region in Pakistan. The nation has a wide altitudinal variety spreading over various biological districts extending from beach front environments; deserts; ? odplains; and mountains, for example, the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges, covering a zone of 796,095 square kilometers (km2). The atmosphere is commonly parched, described by sweltering summers and cool winters, and wide varieties between boundaries of temperatures at given areas. Pakistan has four seasons, with temperatures going from 0 °C to 32 °C, which somewhat in? uence the deve lopment of air contaminations. Wind speed, which is fundamental for ? ushing air contamination, is low in its significant urban communities. In the dry and low wind days, characteristic residue and anthropogenic contamination sets aside longer effort to scatter (Pakistan EPA 2005). Karachi has an expected populace of 11. 97 million individuals, with a thickness of 3,394 people/km2, while Lahore has 6. 49 million individuals, with a thickness of 6,396 people/km2 in 2006. Karachi turned into the capital of Pakistan when the nation picked up freedom in 1947 and, subsequently, accomplished quicker paces of urbanization contrasted with different urban areas. The port of Karachi and the close by port of Qasim have significantly added to the development of the city and its economy. Karachi is considered as the ? nancial focus of Pakistan (Wikipedia 2006b,c). With quick development and the grouping of exercises and interests in Karachi, the Government wanted to set up another capital where government offices and capacity can be concentrated. In 1960, the capital was moved to Islamabad, which is found quickly north of Rawalpindi. Urban development in Islamabad was delayed at ? rst, however started to get when all the significant government structures were worked during the 1980s. Islamabad’s nearness to Rawalpindi (around 5 kilometers [km]) has brought about solid linkages among its urban administrations and a bigger conurbation. Economy and Industry Pakistan’s economy developed, from 2002 to 2004, because of changes in government strategies and the resumption of global loaning. The country’s total national output (GDP) accomplished record development rates, joined by light degrees of venture and economical ? scal balances. Its GDP development rate has expanded, from a low of 1. 9% in 2001, to a high of 8. 4% in 2005 (ADB 2006). Pakistan is considered as one of the quickest developing economies in