Pakistans Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management free essay sample

Pakistan Country Synthesis Report on Urban Air Quality Management Pakistan Discussion Draft, December 2006  © 2006 Asian Development Bank and the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center. All rights held. Distributed 2006 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Imprinted in the Philippines. ADB encouraged this examination through its Regional Technical Assistance 6291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The Study was driven by the CAI-Asia Secretariat and the data contained in this report was created by the CAI-Asia Secretariat with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else. The perspectives communicated in this report are those of the creators and don't really mirror the perspectives on ADB or its Board of Governors or the Governments they speak to. ADB doesn't ensure the precision of the information remembered for the distribution and acknowledges no duty regarding any result of their utilization. The term â€Å"country† doesn't suggest any judgment by ADB to the lawful or different status of any regional substance. Chapter by chapter list Tables and Figures Abbreviations Acknowledgments General Information Geography and Climate Population and Urbanization Economy and Industry Energy Transportation Sources of Air Pollution Status of Air Quality (State) Air Quality Monitoring System Air Quality Data Impacts of Air Pollution Air Quality Management Legal Basis and Mandate Ambient Air Quality Standards Management of Mobile Sources Management of Stationary Sources Management of Area Sources and Dust Public/Nongovernment Participation Conclusion References v vi 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 3. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 1 5. 2 Hourly Average Ambient Concentrations of Air Pollutants in Pakistani Cities in 2000 Climatic Conditions for the Four Cycles Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (Billion Rs) Proposed Measures to Address Air Pollution in Pakistan in PCAP SO2 Ambient Air Quality Standards for Oil and Coal Power Plants and Corresponding Emissions Limits 5 6 8 10 1 Figure s 1. 1. 2 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3. 4 3. 5 Primary Energy Supplies in Pakistan by Source, 2004â€2005 Number of Registered Motor Vehicles in Pakistan 48-hour Mean of PM10 in Major Pakistani Cities 48-hour Mean of SO2 in Major Pakistani Cities NOx Levels in Major Pakistani Cities Ambient Levels of Nitrogen Dioxide in Di? erent Cities in Pakistan O3 Levels in Major Pakistani Cities 2 3 6 7 Box 5. 1 Lahore’s Initiatives to Improve Air Quality 11 Shortened forms ?g/m3 ADB AQ AQM Btu CAIâ€Asia CDG CNG CO CO2 ENERCON EPA FERTS GDP GEF IAEA IM JICA km km2 ktoe LPG MoE NEAP NGO NO2 NOx micrograms per cubic meter Asian Development Bank air quality air quality administration British warm unit Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities City District Governments packed gaseous petrol Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide National Energy Conservation Center Environmental Protection Agency Fuel E? iency in Road Transport Sector total national output Global Environment Facility International Atomic Energy Agency examination and upkeep Japan International Cooperation Agency kilometer square kilometer kilotons of oil equal lique? ed oil gas Ministry of Environment National Environmental Action Plan nongovernment association Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen oxide/s NWFP O3 PAH PCAP PEPC PM PM10 PM2. 5 ppb ppm RON SO2 SOx SPM SUPARCO toe TSP UNDP UNEP USEPA VOC Northâ€West Frontier Province Ozone olyaromatic hydrocarbons Pakistan Clean Air Program Pakis tan Environment Protection Council particulate issue particulate issue with a distance across not in excess of 10 microns particulate issue with a breadth not more than 2. 5 microns parts for every billion sections for each million Research Octane Number Sulfur dioxide Sulfur oxide/s Suspended Particulate Matter Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission huge amounts of oil identical complete suspended particulates United Nations Development Program United Nations Environment Program United States Environmental Protection Agency unpredictable natural mixes Note: â€Å"$† implies â€Å"US dollar† in this distribution. Affirmations This arrangement of nation reports is the ? rst time that a far reaching outline of urban air quality administration (AQM) at the nation level has been set up in Asia. Examination assemblage for this nation amalgamation report (CSR) on Urban Air Quality Management was driven by the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAIâ€Asia) Secretariat, with contributions by a scope of associations and air quality specialists from across Asia and somewhere else and encouraged by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through its Regional Technical Assistance No. 291: Rolling Out Air Quality Management in Asia. The essential creators of the reports are Ms. Aurora Fe Ables, Ms. May Ajero, Mr. Herbert Fabian, and Ms. Ninette Ramirez, all from CAIâ€Asia, under the management of Mr. Cornie Huizenga, Head of Secretariat, CAIâ€Asia. The CSRs were set up with help from volunteer creators from the di? erent nati ons and encouraged by CAIâ€Asia nearby systems in Nepal (Clean Air Networkâ€Nepal), (Pakistan Clean Air Network), Philippines (Partnership for Clean Air [PCA]), the People’s Republic of China (PRC) (CAIâ€Asia Project O? e), Sri Lanka (Clean Air Sri Lanka), and Viet Nam (Viet Nam Clean Air Partnership). CAIâ€Asia nearby systems have likewise composed in the individual nations an improvement accomplices meeting on clean air where introductory drafts of the CSRs were introduced to neighborhood AQM partners. For the Pakistan Country Synthesis Report, CAIâ€Asia stretches out its sincerest gratitude to Director Zia Ul Islam of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency for evaluating the report and giving extra data. Mr. Mohammad Aqib, Coordinator of the Pakistan Clean Air Network; Mr. Ahmad Saeed of the World Conservation Union (IUCN); and Mr. Hassaan Ghazali, Research Analyst, Urban Unit of the Government of Punjab, have been instrumental in concocting a ? rst draft of the report and for giving extra data. CAIâ€Asia might want to express gratitude toward ADB for encouraging the examination, and particularly to Mr. Masami Tsuji, Senior Environment Specialist; Dr. David McCauley, Senior Environmental Economist; and Mr. Nessim Ahmad, Directorâ€all from the Environment and Social Safeguard Division, Regional and Sustainable Development Departmentâ€for giving direction. Ms. Glynda Bathan, Mr. Michael Co, Ms. Agatha Diaz, and Ms. Gianina Panopio of CAIâ€Asia are additionally recognized for their calculated and specialized help for the CSR group. CAIâ€Asia and the separate nation Ministries of Environments investigated the volumeâ€with specialized survey contributions from Prof. Blunt Murray of Murdoch University. Ms. Agnes Adre and Ms. Mama. Theresa Castillo copyedited this arrangement of nation reports. Mr. Segundo dela Cruz, Jr. taken care of the visual computerization and the format.  » Part One General Information Geography and Climate Pakistan is separated into four significant regions that by and large compare to the major land arrangements in the nation: the Northâ€West Frontier Province (NWFP) in the good countries up north circumscribing Afghanistan and the People’s Republic of China; the Balochistan Plateau; and Punjab and Sindh Provinces in the fields partitioned by the Indus River. These fields are the most fruitful and furthermore the most thickly populated region in Pakistan. The nation has a wide altitudinal variety spreading over various biological districts extending from beach front environments; deserts; ? odplains; and mountains, for example, the Himalayas and Hindu Kush ranges, covering a zone of 796,095 square kilometers (km2). The atmosphere is commonly parched, described by sweltering summers and cool winters, and wide varieties between boundaries of temperatures at given areas. Pakistan has four seasons, with temperatures going from 0 °C to 32 °C, which somewhat in? uence the deve lopment of air contaminations. Wind speed, which is fundamental for ? ushing air contamination, is low in its significant urban communities. In the dry and low wind days, characteristic residue and anthropogenic contamination sets aside longer effort to scatter (Pakistan EPA 2005). Karachi has an expected populace of 11. 97 million individuals, with a thickness of 3,394 people/km2, while Lahore has 6. 49 million individuals, with a thickness of 6,396 people/km2 in 2006. Karachi turned into the capital of Pakistan when the nation picked up freedom in 1947 and, subsequently, accomplished quicker paces of urbanization contrasted with different urban areas. The port of Karachi and the close by port of Qasim have significantly added to the development of the city and its economy. Karachi is considered as the ? nancial focus of Pakistan (Wikipedia 2006b,c). With quick development and the grouping of exercises and interests in Karachi, the Government wanted to set up another capital where government offices and capacity can be concentrated. In 1960, the capital was moved to Islamabad, which is found quickly north of Rawalpindi. Urban development in Islamabad was delayed at ? rst, however started to get when all the significant government structures were worked during the 1980s. Islamabad’s nearness to Rawalpindi (around 5 kilometers [km]) has brought about solid linkages among its urban administrations and a bigger conurbation. Economy and Industry Pakistan’s economy developed, from 2002 to 2004, because of changes in government strategies and the resumption of global loaning. The country’s total national output (GDP) accomplished record development rates, joined by light degrees of venture and economical ? scal balances. Its GDP development rate has expanded, from a low of 1. 9% in 2001, to a high of 8. 4% in 2005 (ADB 2006). Pakistan is considered as one of the quickest developing economies in

Eagle Boys Pizza Report Essay Example for Free

Bird Boys Pizza Report Essay Established by a youthful bread cook in his mum’s carport in 1987, Eagle Boys currently works in excess of 335 stores all through all conditions of Australia. It is 100% Australian possessed and worked and conveys pizzas to hungry families across Australia from metropolitan downtown zones to little remote towns. With more than 8,000 colleagues broadly, Eagle Boys makes just shy of 18 million pizzas every year and produces a yearly turnover of more than $200 million. Concentrated on conveying genuine taste, genuine size and genuine incentive to pizza darlings across Australia, Eagle Boys is client centered and persistently inspects approaches to improve its consumer loyalty and administration. Bird Boys guarantees pizza sweethearts across Australia get scrumptious suppers and remarkable help each time via preparing its establishments to submit 110% to customers’ fulfillment. Clarification of its lawful structure Eagle Boys pizza is a Proprietary organization, implying that it is private. The investors of Eagle Boys Pizza Pty Ltd, have constrained obligation insurance, which implies that the most cash they can lose is the sum they paid for their offers. Falcon Boys started as a privately-run company, as it was established by Tom Potter and his mum in 1989. It is a fused business, implying that the business is a different lawful element from the proprietors. This permitted the business to be sold and still be worked, in 2007 to Todd Clayton who is currently the CEO and overseeing chief of Eagle Boys Pizza. The way that it is a different lawful substance, permits the organization to sue, be sued, purchase or sell property and furthermore have ceaseless progression. Distinguishing proof of the present phase of the business life cycle the business is at present in and give explanations behind your perspectives Eagle Boys pizza is right now at the development phase of the business cycle. Its will probably keep up benefits at previous levels. As of late, in February 2011, Eagle Boys reacted to the developing advancement of Australians’ pizza sense of taste by divulging its new Gourmet Pizza Range including fixings, for example, Roasted Potato, Salmon Steaks and Tandoori Chicken. Hawk Boys is additionally the main Australian pizza creator to offer Ready 2 Go! â„ ¢, which permits clients to get their hands on a portion of their preferred pizzas without calling heretofore or holding up between 5. 30pm and 8pm every day. Since Eagle Boys was bought by private value firm NBC Capital and the present official group in 2007, Network store numbers have developed by 63% which is the most elevated time of development in the company’s 24-year history. Hawk Boys saw deals grow 15. 4% during the a year up to June 2010, bringing all out deals development during the previous three years to 43. 2%. The organization anticipates that the solid twofold digit development should proceed with the opening of extra stores and the dispatch of new items. ID of one business law and one administrative body according to this business †clarify how this business goes along A case of a business law of the Eagle Boys pizza is a security law. Falcon Boys is dependent upon Privacy Legislation, including the National Privacy Principles (NPPs) under the Privacy Act 1988, The Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act (1988) and legally binding necessities identifying with Privacy in accordance with various State and Territory Government License Agreements. Hawk Boys Pizza consents to this law by gathering data by either indicating or leaving the explanation alone clear at the time the data is gathered. It isn't Eagle Boys’ general practice to gather touchy data and they will just gather delicate data with the people assent. An administrative body that Eagle Boys Pizza consents to is the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Bird Boys applied for notice of lead whereby it would give establishments on condition that franchisees procure products and enterprises from indicated providers. That notice was held up on 13 August 2009 and permitted to remain on 21 September 2009. Bird Boys agrees by guaranteeing item security and risk and doesn't give any bogus or misdirecting promoting. Distinguishing proof of two huge difficulties for the board in the business life cycle †one test the executives has looked preceding 2011 and one they will look later on (guarantee you state which phase of the existence cycle the business experienced/will encounter this test) A critical test that Eagle Boys pizza the board has looked before 2011 is reacting to the developing measure of various pizza organizations, in rivalry with Eagle Boys, and the need to present new ranges and assortments of items to fulfill the necessities of customers. They had been tested to present new items, for example, gourmet pizzas, treats, and sides, for example, pastas, chicken wings, garlic bread and so forth. This test was experienced during the development phase of the business cycle. A noteworthy test that Eagle Boys pizza the board will look later on is decrease, in the Recession phase of the business life cycle. As the business would have been running for some time now, it will have become a high-hazard business. Items may get out of date, leaving the business with unsold stock. Another factor affecting decrease is very much qualified workers starting to leave and look for better openings for work. Because of the progressing presentation of new organizations in a similar field, Eagle Boys will be influenced by purchasers done purchasing the organizations items, bringing about an enormous imprint in the income. Subsequently, benefits will likewise decrease. Distinguishing proof of the business ecological impacts, both inside and outside, that have affected upon this business Internal natural impacts that have affected Eagle Boys Pizza incorporate item impacts, for example, the scope of menus that it gives just as administrations gave. E. g. Conveyance administrations. Area impacts likewise largy affect the business. The area of establishments is imperative as a prime area implies the business will draw in higher quantities of clients as it is helpful and noticeable. The vicinity to clients, providers and bolster administrations is additionally fundamental in deciding the area of the business. Another inside impact is assets. Representatives, being the primary advantage for the business are a critical asset. Other significant assets incorporate cooking and overhauling hardware and apparatus just as crude materials that permit the business to make and sell their items. The executives impacts control the laborers and help to give an increasingly sorted out structure and simple method of correspondence and co-activity. Outside natural impacts that have affected Eagle Boys Pizza incorporate Legal impacts, for example, expanding lawful commitments and business prerequisites. Political and institutional impacts incorporate tax assessment, worker superannuation, endorsement of new turn of events and adjustment applications. These impacts strongly affect how and where the business is run. Another outside impact is money related impacts. Monetary impacts make changes in the money related market which can cause chance for the business. Topographical impacts vigorously sway the open doors for the business. Segment factors, for example, populace, age, and salary control the prevalence of the business. Clarification and basic investigations of how the board has reacted to the above scope of difficulties and impacts The primary Eagle Boys Pizza opened in Albury, New South Wales. Falcon Boys promoted their items as semi-gourmet pizzas that very extraordinary to the bigger chains, yet less expensive because of the high creation yield. This fruitful thought got on, and the principal store in Albury was rapidly making a liberal benefit. Inside not exactly a year, Eagle Boys opened up two additional stores in the neighboring urban communities of Wagga and Dubbo. As the organization supported its development, it put a great deal of vitality into looking into approaches to fulfill customer needs in various locales. With amasses up in provincial, rural and urban regions all through Australia, the organization turned out to be well known because of working in territories that other enormous inexpensive food organizations would regularly overlook. One especially effective store model was the improvement of a drive-through pizza store in 1999, an idea which was unfathomable at that point. Australia’s first drive-through pizza store showed to be tremendously well known, as it was simple and helpful. Developing this fast pizza conveyance framework, the organization propelled the Eagle Boys Pizza Express Store not long after, which was intended to offer brisk support pizza out of a little area in exceptionally populated pedestrian activity zones. This express framework end up being famous, and new areas began to jump up at air terminals, shopping centers and walker shopping centers around the nation. Numerous areas were currently producing up to forty precent of their deals. As the organization began to encounter expanded rivalry, it needed to plan something for separate its express pizza administration from different organizations offering comparative items. Hawk Boys in the end built up a well known branch menu for Eagle Express stores: â€Å"Ready, Fresh Go! † in 2008. This thought implied that while it is an expedited service framework, the pizzas are made new and held in uniquely structured moderate cook stoves that guarantee their newness. The company’s devotion to research and reaction to shopper patterns and the advancement of new, quality items quality deduced in the biggest reorganization of the Eagle Boys menu in its history. Propelled in mid 2010, the new menu included an assortment of new things. Aside from new pizzas, new things, for example, a chocolate fudge mousse dessert, pasta dishes, extra side dishes and beverages were presented. Clients have reacted with a reverberating fulfillment, and all through 2010 Eagle Boys delighted in probably the greatest increment in

How to Write a Successful Essay on Finance Topics

How to Write a Successful Essay on Finance TopicsIf you are a senior, you probably will find it hard to focus your essay on finance topics. However, this does not mean that you cannot discuss these subjects in your paper.Finance is about various things. It includes investment, money management, and financial planning. The information in this subject matter can be easy to understand. But it is often not that easy to make the ideas coherent into a compelling essay.One way to overcome this problem is to spend some time in preparation before the writing of the essay or taking the study session, preparing the topic beforehand so that you would be fully prepared for the learning process. By writing this before, you would be able to understand all the points before writing the essay. This would help in avoiding any flaws in your topic.In addition, this can also help you understand the things being discussed better as you learn and gain information. Besides, it will not be very difficult to write a good essay if you already know the information. Writing the topic beforehand, makes the information easier to understand.Before starting to write the essay, gather the information of the potential topic and the major points that you would like to discuss. You can also look for online resources. Then, make sure you have an outline of the main idea you want to promote.After you have decided on the points you would like to cover, write down all the points and make sure you have the accurate ones. For instance, you should not leave out the basics such as interest rates, investment charges, terms of agreement, tax breaks, expenses, percentage of return, etc. All these points need to be included in your essay. After all the points have been listed and clear, you can proceed to the writing.One important point to remember is that if you want to be successful in getting a good grade in your essay, you should avoid using unnecessary words. Do not use slang terms for the technical term s used in the subject matter. And you should be careful about the spelling of grammar and other punctuation marks.While your subject is usually about the market, you should not discuss the prices of products or services in a real-life manner. However, you can add in a little bit of your own knowledge about the subject matter to make it look like you really know what you are talking about.

The Ladys Dressing Room and A Modest Proposal Essay

In Jonathan Swift’s, The Lady’s Dressing Room and A Modest Proposal, Swift implements a satirical persona of identities, may it be, a concerned economist who suggests that children be traded as food to the wealthy in order to elevate the public good within society or a distraught man in the midst of a lady’s dressing room rationalizing a woman’s moral appearance, Swifts satirical personality lies within the persona of the sympathetic-cruelties of his own moral society and opinions. Throughout both texts, Swift’s arguments and satirical claims are both supported throughout the methods and techniques of metaphorical language, irony, structure and imagery. Swift satirizes these techniques within the irony of both these texts as he is able to†¦show more content†¦He also describes the false notion of her beauty as he not tell the rest, as he states, In such case few words are best, and Strephon bids guess the rest; But swears how damnably the m en lie, In calling Celia sweet and cleanly,† (Swift 2590, 15-18). The tone that Swift sets within the poem, also suggests that this kind of manner from a woman is simply immoral. Throughout the poem, Swift also sets the tone as a structure of contempt, which produces a judgmental signal to the readers, as he states, â€Å"All varnished o’er with snuff and snot, The stockings why should I expose, Stained with the marks of stinking toes, Or greasy coifs and pinners reeking, Which Celia slept at least a week in?† (Swift 2591, 50-4). Swift sets the persona that women wear garments that are filthy. With this approach, Swift is able to effectively get his arguments across effectively. Swift’s insight into the lady’s dressing room instantly and effectively skews the persona of woman within the reader’s frame of mind. The use of metaphors are also clear and revealed throughout the last lines of the poem as Strephon discovers the chest, â€Å"Pandora’s Box,† as it offers the reader another representation of Celia’s disgusted manners in a different light; but even before Strephon opens the chest, the reader already knowsShow MoreRelatedEssay about A Swift Change Is Imminent1714 Words   |  7 PagesAt a first glance, a misogynist’s paradise is apparent when perceiving Jonathan Swift’s The Lady’s Dressing Room and a cannibalistic one in A Modest Proposal. However, Swift’s intricate feelings do not depict Ireland’s crude social convention, but rather for Swift’s revolutionary vitriolic satire, which permeates humanity’s blindness through political stand points. By using grotesque metaphors, to open the figurative eyes of the public, Swift’s poetry forced society to analyze the ways of living

The Small Business Plan For A Cup Cake And Ice Cream Parlor

Introduction Small business can be maintained by individual or partners by investing their shares in business. The capital for small business is not very high to attain wide edges in market. As compare to medium scale and high scale business financing, small scale business has to accommodate its business operations within limited amount of capital. Owner of small business find it difficult to manage day to day operations of business and customers demand due to limited capability of the business to attain the resources for its operations. However, solid business strategy makes the company able to provide strong premises to sustain the business in the market and attain competitive edge over others. In this paper, we study the small business plan for a cup cake and ice-cream parlor and create an outline of financial plan for the new business. The paper also guerrilla marketing strategy for business and the most appropriate location will also be discussed for second store. 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Utopia within a Click - 1091 Words

Deakins perspective that fantasy is the alternative justification to approach human complexity relationship affects our youth a Utopia - a perfect society can be within our grasp just by one click; to sever all the absurdity of this illusionary world were living in. As its guarantee were all will be reborn in a new identity: a place where our voice will be heard, unlimited access to information about the past, the present, and the future. In facts, a place where were all have a free access to boundlessness provoking thought to further our thirst of knowledge’s and free our mind from the devastating burdens of student loans. Furthermore, society where we don’t have to deal with segregation of social class statues will vanish in the blink of an eye. Of course, everything has its own price to pay. 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Within seconds, I pulled out my customized newspaper filled with every story that fits my profile in sources raging from local, regional, national to countless countries around the globe; it took me much more time to make the coffee! â€Å"Desi437 has sentRead MoreCritics of Novel 1984 by George Orwell14914 Words   |  60 Pagesrepressed sexuality; dreams Major Symbols: Newspeak; prole woman; birds; telescreens; glass paperweight The three most important aspects of 1984: The setting of 1984 is a dystopia: an imagined world that is far worse than our own, as opposed to a utopia, which is an ideal place or state. Other dystopian novels include Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, and Orwells own Animal Farm. When George Orwell wrote 1984, the year that gives the book its title was still almostRead MoreEssay about How To NOT Get Fucked In7432 Words   |  30 Pageswithdraw their coins first and complete existing transactions, which was very honorable of them. 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Analysis of Coca Cola Company

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Coca Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Organizations that provide goods and services always engage in market research to identify the existing gaps in the market that needs to be filled .Introduction of new products in the market is a result of extensive market research. However before introducing a new product in the market certain deliberations have to be considered. A marketing plan has to be designed. The marketing plan specifies the specifications of the new product, its target market, methods of [promotion, budget opportunities and threats in the market among others. Situational Analysis Coca Cola Company deals with non-alcoholic carbonated beverages .It was founded in the year 1886 in Georgia, Atlanta United states of America. Introduction of new products into the market by the company has enabled it to emerge as the most dominant soft drink Company compared to all other Companies all over the world. Adoption of better tactics and strategies has been attributed to this trend. Product innovation has enabled the company to spread its market to over 200 countries throughout the world and enabled it to record over 1.8 billion sales every single day (Reid Bojanic, 2010). Coca Cola Zero is among other multiple products that the company produces. I was specifically designed to meet certain consumer needs which had not been met in the previous years by other companys brands specifically because it contains zero grams of sugar and zero grams of calories. There are a number of other competitors engaged in the same product diversification, among them PepsiCo and Monster beverage Corp. All these among others are fighting to have a larger market share within the beverage industry which has recorded significant growth in the recent past. It can therefore be said that the number of players in the market are many and the nature of competition is stiff (Ramaswamy Namakumari, 2009). However irrespective of this competition , Coca cola still has the opportunity of introducing its new product to all the countries in which it operates and venture into other countries in which it has not yet opened its doors. Marketing strategy Marketing strategy is a combination of all organizations goals in a single comprehensive plan. For sustainability and profit maximization purposes, an organization should base its marketing strategy on market research with emphasis being on the product mix (Panda, 2008). Target market Producers come up with new products with aim of meeting certain identified needs in the market .The target market constitute the people that the company intends to sell its products to (Malaval,Be?naroya Aflalo,2014). The target market for the new product will be teenage males. The product is an alternative to diet coke which many people had largely linked to women. This new product is meant to bring back male superiority by being identified as male drink. Market segmentation Producers often divide their markets into segments that are definable and measurable. Here potential buyers are classified into segments depending on their common needs. Targeting a specific market can save an organization from advertising costs as well as other costs that can be incurred as a result of offering their products to mass markets (Kotler, 2012). Coca Cola Company is the largest producer, marketer and distributor of soft non alcoholic beverages in the world. This means that its operations are distributed all over the world. For this new product, a new multisegment targeting strategy will be employed. This will involve the use of multiple market segments that will be well defined. A marketing mix for each of these segments will then be developed. Demographic characteristics of customers Each customer or segment of customers is defined by the special attributes that they possess. These particular traits that define a particular market segment are referred to as demographic characteristics. This particular product will be suitable for male teens who want the taste but not calories, irrespective of their marital status, race or color, Economic background or level of education (Kazmi,2007). Geographic characteristics of customers Each customer has his or her geographical location where they can be found. Location can determine accessibility or inaccessibility of a customer .Target customer for this product will basically be those from the countries in which the company operates. The product will then reach out to other geographical locations with time. Psychographic characteristics of customers Different customers usually have different personalities, attributes, lifestyles, interests as well as personal values. Such customers need to have products tailored towards their attributes. This new product will be designed to go along with the psychographic characteristics of the consumers. Segmentation of the market based on psychographic characteristics will enable the company to lay particular focus on meeting the needs of such customers. Buying situation Consumers usually make different buying decisions which might not be similar to those made previously Buying situation refers to the circumstances surrounding a particular purchase made by a consumer in terms of the consumer previous experience regarding that particular product as well as the availability of its vendors. Buying situation is also linked to the amount of effort taken by the consumer in order to make that particular decision (Jayachandran, 2014). The selected segments for product will be teens aged between 12 and 19 years. These segments will be distributed in different regions, in different countries. Marketing strategies for this product will focus on appealing to people within this age bracket irrespective of where they are located geographically. Strengths of the target market A market composed of teens can be very valuable. This because teens can easily influence what parents as well as other teens can buy. This is likely to create a demand for the coke zero products by other teens as well as other products from the company by their (Teens) parents Teens are also known to be great consumers of information from different types of media. Because of their affinity to social media, teens are likely top be reached by information concerning products more than people belonging to other age groups. While dealing with teens, advertisement costs can be significantly reduced because of the use of modern types of advertisements such as placing ads on disks commonly purchased by teens (Govindarajan, 2009). This is unlike the traditional methods of advertisements for the older generations. Weaknesses of the target market The major drawback for this target is financial challenges. It is clear that most of the people within this bracket are either in school or unemployed .This will mean that they might not have the money to buy products. This will affect the overall demand for the products Goals and objectives There a number of goals that will need to be met .These will be designed to help maintain a high level of focus in the organization as well as act as a motivating factor for the people at the center of the new product. The success of the new product or its impact in the market will be analyzed by evaluation of the goals and objectives that were initially set. These will be made public during the day of the launch of the new product. They include: To sell one million units of coke zero during the first month of launching Identify 0.5 million new prospects after launching the new product Address all issues raised regarding the new product within the a maximum of 24 hours in the first month of the product launch in the market Marketing Tactics Product Development Coca Cola Company clearly understands the importance of providing affordable but high quality products in order to meet the needs of its growing number of consumers. Sufficient amount of resources will also be set aside for continuous research in order to facilitate continuous development of high quality products for consumption by its customers. Product Branding Branding refers to a collection of attributes that the consumers expect from a product which has the possibility of influencing their willingness to purchase. In a market where profitability is highly dependent on repeated and continuous purchase, branding is an important factor in determining the success of products (Aaker, 2014). There are common attributes that distinguish Coca Cola products from products produced by other companies. Among these is cokes unique taste and color. Labeling of coke zero with normal coca cola colors will make the brand to be easily identified by customers. The product is expected to be a strong brand not only in the United States of America but also other countries as well. A brand name promises consumers certain benefits such as value for their money as well as quality. Branding is a form of marketing strategy in itself because it takes a period of time to gain consumers trust and approval of a certain product. Once this trust has been developed, sale s of the product are assured as consumers are willing to buy that commodity due to the continued trust they have on that brand to meet their needs. Branding will be aimed at making the product attractive to the eyes of consumers. Product packaging A right product but wrongly packaged can be a disastrous move for an organization. This is basically because people tend to buy what they see not what they dont see. Because of this reason, product packaging plays a significant role in product promotion. The packaging of a product says a lot about it and at times it usually determines the amount of sales for the product. A product that is well packaged will be preferred over poorly packaged products. Initially, the product will be packaged in 350 0ml attractive cans to be distributed to all outlets all over the world. Price Price plays a very important role in determining the success of a new product. Price usually refers to the amount of money that consumers will have to sacrifice in order to acquire a certain product (Applegate Johnson, 2007). Price for the new product will be reasonably affordable for many people within different regions. Setting fair prices will enable the product to move fast hence increasing the volume of goods sold. However price for goods and service is determined by a number of factors among them the cost incurred in the production process as well as cost of raw materials and labor and finally prices set by competitors. All these factors are going to be put into considerations to ensure that the products price will be the best in the market. Distribution Distribution is the process of moving a product from its point of production to their point of consumption. ie where consumers need them .Distribution provides utility for a good basically because if it is produced and kept by the producer its purpose will not be achieved. The company will ensure a continuous distribution of the products to all consumer outlets at the lowest cost possible so that the price cannot be affected. Promotion Communication regarding the existence of certain products in the market is quite important. Consumers need to be constantly told and reminded of the existence of products to keep their interests high. Promotion is therefore the process of creating awareness about the existence of certain goods and services. Promotion can be carried out in a number of ways. Internet In the modern world, the internet has become a very important tool for advertising. Many businesses have taken advantage of the increased usage of the internet to market their goods and services through offering information via the internet. Any business that has a desire of growing beyond its geographical region has no option but to adopt the use of the internet. All businesses should take advantage of this tool let the world know about their products and services. With increased computer literacy in many countries of the world, the internet is an effective way of marketing for business (Brown, 2012). The company will use its website coca-cola.co.za to let the world know about this new product. Basically all the information about the product will be provided here so consumers can easily access it. Television Television has been seen as the most conventional method of passing information to a large number of people. Thousands of companies pay media houses to have adverts about their products aired on television. Coca-cola company has used Television to advertise its products for a long time with the most recent advert being the Taste the feeling advert The company will also use television in order to reach large audiences. Television can be a very effective tool to reach out to teens because they form the dominant group in as much as watching television is concerned. I n this time and age, television sets are relatively cheap thus accessible to many people and therefore this is quite an effective way of advertising the product ( Marshall Johnston, 2009). Outdoor media Coca cola has engaged itself in games by sponsoring many sporting activities over the years. This has enabled the company to maintain the longest relationship with the sporting community It has partnered with other players in the industry to keep Olympic fans entertained. During such events free drinks from the company are given to the participants and attendees. This can be an excellent tool for marketing its products .The company can also use the same strategy to create awareness about its new product. Thus this can be a very good strategy for establishing and maintaining a remarkable relationship between the product and consumers (Clow Baack, 2012). Print media This is another strategy that the company can use to create awareness about it new product. Because the product is mostly targeted to teenagers, the company can result to placing their adverts on teenagers magazines to enable the information to diffuse easily. They can also place them on sport magazines or celebrity magazines which are all very familiar with teenagers. Financial projections Activity Cost Rationale Advertising USD 3,500,000 With a good budget it can be possible to prepare good adverts and use them in different media in different locations Ongoing online interactions USD 130,000 For accounts and payments to employees involved in the online interactions with customers Launch Party USD 25,000 It will also be important to promote the new product Implementation Controls Implementation control is a process designed to ensure the achievement of certain objectives during marketing plan implementation. For the process to be carried out satisfactorily the top management should be available to offer overall leadership for the implementation. There should also be effective coordination within the organization .Apart from that there should also be effective vertical and horizontal communication. For effective controls values of indicators must be set, these are values which can be observed and measured on regular basis. Control values such as the sales volume can provide a snapshot on how effective or ineffective the process is being implemented. It can also be done through comparing actual values and the planned values. The difference between the two can be used in decision making (Arun kumar Meenakshi, 2011). Conclusion Based on the above analysis its is important to ensure that the target market is identified and appropriate strategies for reaching that market put in place. Basically, different target markets require different marketing techniques. This should be identified beforehand. Additionally the market fro the new product should be segmented to save on advertising costs that would have been spent in reaching to the larger market. The budget for the plan should also be reasonable to avoid affecting the price of the new product References Aaker, D. A. (2014). Strategic market management. https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/?fpi=9781118582862. Applegate, E., Johnsen, A. (2007). Cases in advertising and marketing management: real situations for tomorrow's managers. Lanham, Rowman Littlefield. Arun kumar, Meenakshi, N. (2011). Marketing management. Noida, Vikas Publishing House. Brown, M. (2012). Health care marketing management. Gaithersburg, Md, Aspen Publishers. Chandrasekar, K. S. (2010). Marketing management: text and cases. New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill. Clow, K. E., Baack, D. (2012). Cases in marketing management. Thousand Oaks, Calif, SAGE. Govindarajan, M. (2009). Marketing management: concepts, cases, challenges and trends. New Delhi, II., Prentice-Hall. Hutt, M. D., Speh, T. W. (2010). Business marketing management: B2B. Mason, OH, South-Western Cengage Learning. Jayachandran, S. (2014). Marketing management text and cases. New-Delhi, Excel Books. Kazmi, S. H. H. (2007). Marketing management: text and cases. New Delhi, India, Excel Books. Kotler, P. (2012). Marketing management. Harlow, Pearson Education. Malaval, P., Be?naroya, C., Aflalo, J. (2014). Aerospace marketing management: a handbook for the entire value chain. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01354-1. Marshall, G. W., Johnston, M. W. (2009). Marketing management. Maidenhead, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Panda, T. K. (2008). Marketing management: text and cases : Indian context. New Delhi, Excel Books. Ramaswamy, V. S., Namakumari, S. (2009). Marketing management: global perspective, Indian context. [Delhi], Macmillan. Reid, R. D., Bojanic, D. C. (2010). Hospitality marketing management. Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley Sons.

What is art free essay sample

Art cannot be defined simply, there has been numerous definitions offered throughout the decades but it is if I may, impossible to pin point one that define art perfectly because it is so broad. If I had to define all that art is will probably exceed an essay, but a book will do Just fine. Since we cannot cover all that art Is In one essay, we will cover the main ideas about It. Paintings, photography, architecture, and sculptures, they are the basics of art, and then there are others that define some as art, and some will reject those as art.Such as personal art, In which they might mean an Infinite amount personally, but It may only be something very common to the critiques of others. Art Is a personal definition All that art Is may not always be art. For example, art Is freedom of expression, It brings Joy, sadness, and It takes a person though the emotion of the artist. We will write a custom essay sample on What is art? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It creates clarity and confusion but clarity and confusion Is not art. Art Is an escape but escape is not art. Art is creativity but creativity is not art.Art can make you smile and laugh, one of my favorite artists named Roomer Britton gives me great ay when I see his art, its colorful and not everyone can do, the creative ways in which he uses lines, color, etc. His art has purposes; they are displayed in childrens hospitals. Art is meaningful. Some art takes you too certain place or time, whether youve been there before or not. Art can be a memory, whether it is a happy or sad one, it makes you remember the emotion you were in while you created the certain piece or it might help you understand the emotion of the artist, the things they were going through and their thoughts.Art is nostalgic. Art helps you get through painful times and in the pain raises brilliant works. One can very well argue that those are the only good that comes out of tragedy, art includes experience and an individual can confine in art while they have no one else to confine with. Art is therapy. Although this is not all that art is but it is what relates to most of us and it is something in which most of us can relate to. Art is personal and global at the same time. It might only be understood by one person, although it might very well be understood globally.

Communism and its fall essays

Communism and it's fall essays The shocking fall of communism in Eastern and central Europe in the late eighties was remarkable for both its rapidity and its scope. In each of the nations, the communist regimes in power were forces to transfer that power to radically different institutions than they were accustomed to. Democracy had been spreading throughout the world for the preceding two decades, but with a very important difference. In Europe, the shift from communism was taking place in a different context then that of the Soviet Union. The peoples involved were not looking to affect a narrow set of policy reforms, rather what was at stake what the shift from communist ideology to a more western plan for governmental and economic policy development. It seemed that the sole reason that the downfall of communism took so long was the veto power of the Soviet Union. Due to Eastern Europes longtime adherence to communist policies, these nations faced great difficulty in making the transition to a market economy without being forced to unite with another economic system. Mikhail Gorbachev was a different kind of Soviet leader. He recognized that communists in the Soviet Union could not remain politically and economically isolated and that the Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive. The key pieces to his plan was a series of reforms that included Glasnost - an openness and greater form of expression for the people, Perestroika - a restructuring as to decentralize the soviet economy with market reforms all of which were designed to reform, not abolish socialism, and the renunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine. Central planning in a modern economy brought many inefficiencies. The socialist system was ineffective in that communism promised a classless society with collective ownership but instead it produced a new class of communist party functionaries. In addition, the soviet state could not longer afford the high defense spending tha...

The Building of a Hamiltonian America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Building of a Hamiltonian America - Essay Example Hamilton viewed the country as as an integrated system that needed a strong Federal government and expansive national programs. By 1820, America was still largely rural and had an agricultural based economy. However, 1820 also ushered in the vision of Hamilton's America due to the country's common interests, the industrial revolution, and the close-knit nature of the New America. There was general agreement that using state governments to grant corporate charters was a benefit to the economy and the people. Hamilton had worked for a national banking system since the late 18th century and in 1816 President Madison signed a bill creating the Second National Bank (Nash et al. 261,262, Henretta, Brody and Dumenil 250,251). This was a common interest that was shared by the people in an effort to develop a common form of commerce. The War of 1812 also served to create a common goal across the country. At this point, people were just beginning to view America as a nation. The war had been viewed as a national problem and initiated a surge of postwar nationalism that was followed by a period of "national unification and economic development" (Nash et al 320). The era of national pride and the banking system were two common interests that set the stage for further development. The national banking system and Hamilton's ideas on debt financing had come to be an important part of the industrial revolution. By 1820, Jefferson's view of rural America was beginning to change. There was greater trade and greater productivity. Mechanization had begun to stimulate the economy. Between 1790 and 1820, the average income for Americans rose by 30% (Henretta, Brody, and Dumenil 293). Agriculture was mechanizing and changing the face of the rural South. Though there was still a philosophical split between the North and South, the feelings of nationalism and a strong federal presence were being felt throughout America that was being fueled by the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution and the complexities of a national banking system required that there be close association between the people of the country. This was made possible by improvements in transportation and communication. The national investment in roads had cut travel times between major cities in the East by half by the early 1800s. By 1818, the trip from Cumberland Maryland to Wheeling West Virginia on the Ohio River had been reduced from 8 to 3 days (Nash et al. 321). In addition steamboats were traveling the Mississippi and Ohio taking cargo and passengers around the country. This intermingling of trade and ideas further strengthened Hamilton's picture of America. The people were also brought together by the proliferation of the printed word. In the 1790s fewer than 100 newspapers were published, but this number ballooned to over 1000 by 1830 (Nash et al. 322). The ability to mix trade, thoughts, ideas, and the printed word formed the basis of a strong federal union. In conclusion, both Jefferson and Hamilton have formed today's America. Americans treasure their independence and individual freedom as espoused by Jefferson. American's are also dependent on the strong federal system that promotes unity and cooperation among the states. By 1820 and the establishment of the Second National Bank, America was beginning to look like Hamilton's vision. The nationalistic spirit

E-Business - Qatar Airways (3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Business - Qatar Airways (3) - Essay Example The company has also tied up with private portal Bezruk.com and common forum Frommers Unlimited and has marked its presence in social networking forum Facebook where fans of the airline regularly exchange their experiences with this airline. These e-marketing techniques have provided the airline a very substantial presence and publicity in the e-market. E-business depends on attractiveness and user friendliness of company’s website. The visitor must be completely satisfied after a tour of the site and that can be possible only when the website is designed in such a way that a busy visitor is also able to obtain the required details at the shortest possible time and with the minimum of trouble. The language used in the website also plays a substantial role for this to be achieved. The website of Qatar Airways has achieved this target quite admirably. Qatar Airways has become a deft player in the business-to-business marketplace by judiciously applying the strengths of internet in collecting, collating and analysing information related to tour and conference fliers and travel agents. By sifting the available data, the airline is in a position to identify the most economically profitable strata of business fliers and design its promotions and offers in a manner that is most attractive to the targeted strata. The airline has never been oblivious of its social responsibility and the need to behave like a responsible corporate citizen, not only in Qatar but in rest of the world also. It has undertaken numerous programmes for the benefit of orphans and autistic children in Qatar and has also donated handsomely towards rebuilding activities in China after the devastating earthquake in Sichuan province in 2008. It is also aware of environmental pollution and has instituted a programme for fuel efficiency and gradual reduction of dependency on fossil fuel. Qatar Airways has always

Factors Contributing to Road Accidents

Factors Contributing to Road Accidents Road accident is the global tragedy with ever-raising trend. In Malaysia, it represents a major public problem because of the high number of victims involved and also the seriousness of the consequences for the victim themselves and to their families as well. There are many factors that can contribute to the road accidents. Some researchers have made several researches and agreed that the major factors that contributing to the road accidents is because of the bad weather, condition of road, human behavior when driving, condition of the vehicle and the leniency of the law enforcement. Relating to the previous researches, the focus of our study is to identify the trend of road accidents in Shah Alam and the factors that contributing to the accidents. Besides that, the study also focuses on the strategies and ways to reduce the rate of road accidents in Shah Alam. The study will be conducted in Shah Alam which the respondents are among the road users including pedestrians, motorcyclists, car drivers and etc. Contributing Factors Bad Weather According to a report from the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV) in Netherland, the term weather can be described as the state of atmosphere in term of air pressure, temperature, humidity, clouds, wind and precipitation. The weather conditions will affect the accident rates and exposure to the traffic hazards. A layer of water on the road surface due to rain can cause the vehicles to lose contact with the road surface and to skid. Besides that, Ellinghaus (1983) has stated that the object carried due to the strong wind, fallen trees and broken branches can also cause the traffic disturbance. Gusts of wind can push the high vehicles such as busses and vans especially when they are on the bridges. A study from Saudi Arabia (Al-Ghamdi, 2009) reports the number of crash being higher during the fog compared to the other weather condition. The crash happened because of the limited visibility during driving due to the fog. In a fog, the droplets of water are so small and light that they remain floating in the air. This will lead to limited visibility to the drivers because the light is diffused by the fog droplets. As a result of  bad weather, road surfaces may become slippery or slick. Accumulation of water, slush, ice and snow can present hazards to motorists. The manner in which other drivers react to the weather, whether through an extreme excess of caution or a disregard of the dangers posed by the weather conditions, can also contribute to the probability of an accident. When weather conditions render driving unsafe, drivers should attempt to find a safe place to get off the road and wait for the weather to improve. If you are driving at a time of year when you are likely to have your windshield splattered with dirty water, mud, slush, or salt, before driving make sure that you have a good supply of windshield solvent. In Malaysia, The majority of the investigated cases occurred during fine weather. The proportion of investigated cases during fine weather for 2008 is over presented, with more than 70%, and is significantly higher than those that occurred in any other weather condition, especially in 2009 and 2010. Based on MIROS the data in terms of lighting condition show that for the total number of investigated cases from 2007 through 2010, crashes that occurred during daylight, when it is safe to say that visibility is not a major concern. However, crashes during dark condition and without lighting, which is related to the said issue, are also significant and come in second place after daylight in all four years in terms of the number of investigated cases. Through report by MIROS, the KSI and fatality indexes according to the environmental components of the crashes, namely the vicinity area, weather conditions and lighting conditions. In terms of the environmental components of the crashes, fatality index is recorded highest for crashes happening at agricultural areas (2.86), during drizzling condition (4.84) and when the surrounding is dark without any lighting (2.67). Meanwhile, KSI index is highest for crashes that occurred at agricultural areas (3.97), during rainy day (7.56), and during dawn or dusk (7.44). This shows that bad condition of weather and surrounding may affect the driver view which can make a higher tendency of accident to occur during that particular situation. Driving attitude Whilst commercial vehicles have frequently been found to have high accident involvement rates, only one commercial driver training program has been identified so far in this Asia region. As part of the two year input in Pakistan funded by DFID in the early 1980s, a two week bus driver re-training program was provided. Bus driving standards are observed before and after the course and while bus driving standards showed improvement when drivers knew they were being observed, this improvement did not carry over to other times. This demonstrated the difference between driving skill and driving behavior and the need of enforcement and incentive schemes to encourage good driving standards. Surveys in driver knowledge and driver behavior were undertaken in several countries worldwide including Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka. Driver behavior was assessed at pedestrian crossing, traffic signals and priority junctions. As a follow up driver knowledge surveys were conducted in Pakistan and Thailand and both these studies have been published as separate Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) reports. While the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) also worked on the area of private knowledge with drivers surveyed on sign comprehension and traffic awareness, the CRRI has spent much effort in developing a driver reflexes testing system (DRTS) which seeks to eliminate human bias and includes psycho physical tests. Work in this area has continued over the past decade with a few DRTS systems in use in India. Human errors play an important role in contributing to the increasing numbers of accident rates. People keen to ignore this factor as they feel they can handle the situation and avoid accidents. There are many types of human errors during driving such as excessive speeding and deviant behavior, taking alcohol during driving and failed to obey the rules and regulations of the road. All of these can be categorized as the risky driving attitudes which may cause road accidents. Many of accidents that were reported are caused by human errors. According to Nasasira (2009), there are about 80% of the road accidents reported in Uganda are related to the attitude and behavior of the drivers. This data shows that the driving attitude is the major cause of road accidents. According to Sabey and Taylor (1980), 95% of the accidents caused by the human factors. Driving attitude was identified as the most central of these factors. Besides that, research by Jashua and Garber (1992) also stated that the most common accident type have resulted from drivers faults. Driving attitudes also include the behavior to excessive speeding. Vehicle speed is often credited as being an important cause and contributory factor of road accidents. This behavior may cause danger not only for the driver himself but also for other drivers. Most drivers tend to speed exceed the limit fixed by the government. For example, the National Speed Limits is 90km/h but drivers tend to speed exceed the limit which may cause danger to themselves and others. According to Solomon (1964), Munden (1967) and Bohlin (1967), all claimed that the probability of serious injury or death are greater at high impact speeds. This shows that the impact of excessive speeding may not only cause accident but may also cause a serious injury and death. Road Condition Geometric design standards are often taken from motorized countries and thus are not always appropriate given the presence of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users and non-motorised vehicles in the road traffic stream. There has been much effort in safety engineering research to minimise the risk of accidents and DFID sponsored the development and publication of Towards Safer Roads (TSR) which was the first major manual to address safety engineering and planning in developing countries. TSR also introduced the practice of safety audits (a standardized procedure for checking the safety concerns of road projects from the feasibility stage through to final construction and operation). Formal safety audits have also begun to be used recently in Nepal, Malaysia, Fiji and a number of other developing countries including Bangladesh. Identifying safety impacts of geometric design modifications was a research focus in PNG and was recently reviewed for the latest version of the Highway Design and Maintenance Programme (HDM4). Recent research funded by Sweroad included the development of a traffic safety effects catalogue to include the various findings of the impact of geometric design and traffic control features on road accidents and accident rates. Several projects both on implementation and the research side have focused on traffic engineering and traffic management issues with applied road safety benefits. For example, Australian Aid projects in Papua New Guinea and Western Samoa follow this pattern as does the past research in CRRI on roadside development and road signs. The research recently started on the design and implementation issues of median installation for example are illustrative of the types of research being undertaken in this area. In Malaysia, it was reported that many of the cases of road collision involve the vehicle leaving the roadway and hits the fixed objects along the roadside such as the trees and guardrails. This may cause by the slippery road due to the rain and even because of the poorly designed and constructed roads. Most of the roads in Malaysia are pavement designed. In pavement design, there are several characteristics that need to be considered such as skid resistance and the texture depth. These characteristics will determine the condition of the road whether it is risky or not. According to Davis (2001), the moisture on the pavement surface may prevent vehicle tires from making adequate contact with the road surface. This will increase the level of slippery on the road which may cause road accident. Vehicles condition Vehicles are one of the factors which can contribute to the road accidents. This is because the vehicle that we ride is a medium for us that put us in the road and if the vehicles itself are not in a good shape and condition, the tendency for the accident to occur is more likely compare to a well manage vehicle condition. A well-designed and well-maintained vehicle, with good brakes, tires and well-adjusted suspension will be more controllable in an emergency and thus be better equipped to avoid collisions. Based on the statistics which have been produced by MIROS, during 2007-2010, the brake defects in vehicle have recorded 20 cases while tires defect have recorded 14 cases. So, that is why some mandatory  vehicle inspection  schemes include tests for some aspects of roadworthiness have been conduct by the JPJ in order to make sure that the vehicles that is going to be used are in a good condition, The design of vehicles has also evolved to improve protection after collision, both for vehicle occupants and for those outside of the vehicle. For example, in modern day car, a lot of safety features have been include likes Anti-lock braking system (ABS)  to prevent skidding allowing the driver to remain in control. The vehicle stops more quickly as theres more friction between the road and tires, traction control  to prevents skidding while accelerating so the car can quickly escape a dangerous situation and safety cage  to strengthens the cabin section to protect people in a roll-over accident. Much of this work was led by automotive industry competition and technological innovation. Some crash types tend to have more serious consequences,  Rollovers  have become more common in recent years, perhaps due to increased popularity of taller  SUVs,  people carriers, and minivans, which have a higher  center of gravity  than standard passenger cars. Rollovers can be fatal, especially if the occupants are ejected because they were not wearing  seat belts  (83% of ejections during rollovers were fatal when the driver did not wear a seat belt, compared to 25% when they did).   After a new design of  Mercedes Benz  notoriously failed a moose test (sudden swerving to avoid an obstacle), some manufacturers enhance suspension using  stability control  linked to an  anti-lock braking system  to reduce the likelihood of rollover. After retrofitting these systems to its models in 1999-2000, Mercedes saw its models involved in fewer crashes. Now about 40% of new US vehicles, mainly the SUVs, vans and pickup trucks that are more susceptible to rollove r, are being produced with a lower  center of gravity  and enhanced suspension with  stability control  linked to its  anti-lock braking system  to reduce the risk of rollover and meet US federal requirements that mandate anti-rollover technology by September 2011. According to the research by Chin Shu Pei (2009), she has stated that the relationship between the road surface and the type of tire, tread pattern, tire pressure and tire condition may affect the road surface friction and cause the vehicles to skid off the road. She also added that tires in poor condition will not have adequate braking friction on any pavement surface. Motorcyclists have little protection other than their  clothing; this difference is reflected in the casualty statistics, where they are more than twice as likely to suffer severely after a collision. In 2005 there were 198,735 road crashes with 271,017 reported casualties on roads in Great Britain. This included 3,201 deaths (1.1%) and 28,954 serious injuries (10.7%) overall. Of these casualties 178,302 (66%) were car users and 24,824 (9%) were motorcyclists, of whom 569 were killed (2.3%) and 5,939 seriously injured (24%). In Malaysia, it is recorded that  4,067 motorcyclists died in 2010 by MIROS. This represents about 60 per cent of the 6,745 road fatalities. In 2008, 3,898 motorcyclists were killed out of a total of 6,527 fatalities. Motorcyclist deaths on average accounted for 60 per cent of the total road fatalities in the last decade. MIROS  road safety  engineering and environment  research  director, Jamilah Mohd Marjan said the spike in deaths was due to  the rise  of the  number of riders. As we can see in the another country where both Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in United Kingdom and Indian Institute of Technology (ITT) IN India have conducted a research into vehicle design and injury control. In Papua New Guinea the MAAP system identified many casualties occurring in run-off accidents in open top pickups. Open top pickups are a common public transport mode and are often heavily loaded with passengers in Papua New Guinea. TRL concluded research into vehicle design to minimize such injuries. IIT have modeled crash impacts of bus fronts and three wheeler motorized scooter taxis to determine how the design can be altered to reduce injury severity to pedestrians hit by buses and the Three Wheeler Scooter Taxi (TST) drivers, passengers and pedestrians in TST crashes. TSTs are found to be unsafe for all three user groups (drivers, pedestrians and passengers at velocity impacts as low as 15 to 20 kilometers per hour). Minor modifications were found to make a significant difference in the safety to all three user groups in crashes up to speeds of 25 to 30 kilometers per hour. IIT research also identifies structural weakness in motor cycle helmet design. Earlier work had identified a majority of head impacts and two wheel crashes to be sustained on the side of the head yet VIS standards did not include a side impact test. IIT devised and implemented a side impact test and when all helmets in general were found to be inadequate in side impact, BIS amended the motorcycle helmet standards. Delhi Police have sponsored this research and later publicized the findings and distributed guidelines for customers and the relative rankings of the different helmets. Around the same time that ITT was studying the relative safety of motorcycle helmets in Delhi, Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) was also studying the use of motorcycle helmets and conducting opinion surveys on the use of motorcycle helmets in several metropolitan cities where motorcycle helmet usage was mandatory. These studies all helped to influence road safety policy in India. Leniency of the Law Enforcement While most if not all countries in Asia and Pacific have revised their road regulations in the past 15 years, little bilateral technical assistance seems to have been provided in this sector nor does there seem to have been local research effort in such countries despite many countries sharing the same base for road regulations (The British Motor Vehicle Code 1939). Little exchange of information and experience has occurred and traffic regulations have generally been revised individually by each country. No regional manual has been produced similar to such manuals that exist in Africa and other regions of the world. Traffic Police training programmes have been developed by the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) with sponsorship from the Ministry of Surface Transport. National workshops on traffic police training were also organised in 1992 and 93. Traffic police from 23 metropolitan cities were trained before the project was discontinued. Ongoing at the same time was CRRI research project analysing the past 10 years of traffic violations from Delhi covering 1980 to 1990. The analysis revealed misguided priorities with administrative violations being enforced more frequently than the more dangerous moving violations. Highway patrolling was quite effective when it was introduced in Pakistan in the early 1980s as it discouraged overtaking and targeted road safety parking, both of which were known to contribute to road accidents in Pakistan.

Who Are We? :: essays research papers

Thoughts of trouble turn to rubble. Eyes closed. Mind free. Confusion is embraced by our dreams. Eyes closed. Mind free. When the mouth is silenced you can see much more. Eyes closed. Mind free. Life is not just a roll of the dice or a conscience decision. Eyes closed. Mind free. The spontaneous thoughts of the unconsence personality result in one’s unique world. Eyes closed. Mind free. Every thought begins with a idea; think of an idea and many thoughts will follow. Eyes closed. Mind free. The thoughts that you hear are part of your personality, just only the ones that you listen to determine your view of reality. Even though we may not know it, reality is constantly changing. Reality is based on a balance of your unique experiences and your bias upon them. Eyes closed. Mind free. But where does the does the unconsense thoughts come from when there are no experiences? The true answer is one does not all of sudden wake up and start thinking; like in one of baby look who’s talking movies. There is a beginning of thought, but it is so minute it is not consencely recorded. Thought is a process of building a skyscraper when a Lego block of life’s trail and error experience. Eyes closed. Mind free. The unconsense comes from your experiences. The idea of love sparks many thoughts, require a consense decision. There are a plethora of different girls but there is only supposed to be one â€Å"right† one. Your unconsence thoughts are plenty, you are limited by your conscience bias determined from experiences. Where from, you ask? Family. Believe it or not the type of family you have will greatly impact on who you can find attractive; with each â€Å"type† of family there will be a different sort of experiences a person goes through. Family is where you first create your bias through trial and error. Your basic personality comes from your family experiences. Think of it like we are all cars; we get the basic package from our parents, then later we get upgrades. Eyes closed. Mind free. Do you remember the fear you had of becoming like your parents? Do you remember the epiphany when you realized are? Or are you still in denial? I’m not saying you are going to turn out to be a clone of you r father, just that the basic part of you is. As you become older you become more complex; your once red and green thoughts have been questioned turning to a shade of gray.

Spar Applied Systems (A): Organizational Change and Team Management

Everybody is familiar with the cliche that the only constant in this world is change. In today’s fast-evolving environment, people attempt to manage change in their everyday lives, seeing its potential and enormous benefits. For business organizations managing change has become an important strategy to achieve competitive advantage and to position oneself on top of the competition. One of the critical success factors in managing organizational change is teambuilding.In the case study â€Å"Spar Applied Systems (A)†, Laura Erskine covers the issue of teambuilding, employee participation, organizational change and change management. Specifically, Erskine presents the dilemma of Stephen Miller, Spar Applied Systems General Manager, who is confronting a major project overrun. The team began working on their project in 1994. After two years, however, in their presentation of the projected budget and schedule to the executives, Miller was amazed to know that there was a poten tial $1 million overspend in order to satisfy their contract.Originally, the budget was $3. 5 million, $2. 5 million of which was shouldered by the company. When Miller questioned the team members during the presentation about the overrun and overspend, he was surprised that the team could not respond. The case study first tackles the organizational change initiatives and management at Spar Applied Systems. In 1992, Jason Rigney led the successful merging of Spar Defense and Leigh Instruments. Through his leadership, contracts were stabilized and Applied Systems was founded.However, the environment was beginning to become more and more competitive, and the competition came from large-scale, highly flexible, and vertical integrated firms who had gone global. When Miller joined the Applied Systems Groups, he was greeted by a hierarchical organization, people with precise position descriptions, and activities directed at completing programs on a â€Å"cost-plus† basis. As a chan ge facilitator, Miller wanted to: (1) dramatically change ASG culture, (2) facilitate the division to make money for more than six consecutive months, and (3) design and implement a global long-term strategy.Miller clearly approached his strategies using the transformational change framework. Basically, transformational change occurs unambiguously at the level of the organization. Transformational change is usually considered as a subset of strategic change. It can be argued that transformational change is a particular form of strategic change and radical in its impact. It involves a complete rethinking of how the organization is structured and managed, and a rejection of the norms and practices of the larger environment in which the organization operates.In such change, instead of conforming to procedures practices defined by prevailing rationalized concepts of organizational work and institutionalized in society, the organization redefines itself independently of those policies an d procedures. However, while Miller’s management of the organizational change had provided enormous benefits to Applied Systems, many employees left the organization; and those who stayed did not fully endorse the new structures and systems. The new organization is also characterized partly by resistance.This failure is reflected in the relationships within the Avionics 2000 Integrated Program Team (IPT). For example, IPT members had difficulty going along with their leader, Mike Ellis. Team members were also having problems in participating in team skills training sessions. Many of them preferred the old system.In addition, they found planning and scheduling activities very challenging. In general, the case study suggests that the organizational change at Applied Systems failed to transform the organizational culture, as evidenced by people who do not fully support (some others resist) the new system and structure.The case study provides important insights how to effectively manage change, engage people, build a team, and carry out a project. In the end, Miller might want to change the IPT leadership. What the team needs to complete the project is a competent, transparent, and prepared leadership Reference Erskine, L. (2002). â€Å"Spar Applied Systems (A)†. In G. H. Seijts (ed. ), Cases in Organizational Behavior, pp. 132-142. New York: Sage.

College Should Offer Free Tuition - 867 Words

Having a college degree is considered to a vital part of being successful in today’s day and age. College degrees are really expensive, but in a long run they really pay off. College can be a big financial burden so with that being said, in my opinion, I think community college should offer free tuition with some sort of standards to be eligible for free tuition. President Barack Obama conveyed a speech at Macomb Community College in Warren, Michigan this past September. President Obama proposed a free educational cost at any two-year junior college at length of their stay as long as they were at least half-time students, and they keep up a base evaluation point normal of no less than 2.5 and the administration would cover seventy five percent of the costs to the state getting the remaining total as stated by Silvia Munguia. CQ researcher Silvia Munguia, states that â€Å"Although some people may disapprove of the proposal, arguing that the country would lose a lot of mo ney and that offering free community colleges would not necessarily improve our educational system nor guarantee students graduation from college, it is definitely a great starting point.† I agree with this because at the end of the day, you have to start somewhere. Munguia also states â€Å"There are many benefits of making the first two years of college free. If Obama s proposal passes more people will be able to attend college and be better prepared upon entering the job market. Free community collegesShow MoreRelatedWill Free Colleges Solve The Student Debt Crisis?1479 Words   |  6 PagesWill Free Colleges solve the Student Debt Crisis? Every American student has a dream to go to college and to be debt-free. 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However, they don’t realize its hidden effects when they don’t look at the low public college tuition with overloaded students, which can be used as a model toRead MoreCommunity College Tuition Plan Raises Doubts789 Words   |  4 Pagespeople who stated their insight such as president Stanley from Westmoreland County Community College, David Patti president and CEO of the Pennsylvania Business Council and Laura Fisher, senior vice president with Allegheny Conference who agreed that if students are given the opportunity to progress in school it could mean a better economy in the future. By giving students paid tuition in community colleges it could mean they would go to a university to finish a bachelors in a major that interests