Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay

Throughout history, the motivation of man’s self interest has concluded in the domination of those with little or no power in the absence of the rule of law. The war on terror presents an unpredictable challenge for the United States whereas terrorists are apprehended and deprived of due process. The right of Habeas corpus overrules man’s interpretation, in which allows those accused federal and state court representation before judge, or jury. It asserts that accusers deemed innocent until proven guilty, accusers possessed the right to representation, appear in person, and charges brought forth. This essay will concentrate on the evolution of habeas corpus, and its suspension by the United States, its relevance during the war on terror, and the United States Supreme Court’s interpretation. Nevertheless, these laws are in place to protect every one, moreover to avoid unlawful apprehension, and ensure that habeas corpus works as intended by the Constitution. The historical evolution of habeas corpus born from the Magna Carta, known as the English Bill of Rights began in England in the early 1200s. Under force from English barons, King John of England placed his signature on the Magna Carta in 1215, in which comprised of a list of human rights and civil liberties. It asserted that the King needed consent from his legislative body to impose taxes upon its citizens. Halliday (2011) notes that habeas corpus serves as a writ and a scrabble parchment that a judge ordered a jailer to bring forth a named prisoner to court to face said written charges. This very important document additionally established that trial and due process of law must occur previous to confiscating property or freedom from any free man who resided in England. Instead of King John stepping down from power he agreed to place boundaries on the power of the monarchy, sign the Magna Carta, wherein honored the constitutional rights and privileges of his countrymen. This document serves as a treaty of union, and agreement with the King wherein guaranteed and respected the civil liberties (personal freedoms) (Levin-Waldman, 2012) of its citizens. Only in the presence of rule of law prohibits countrymen from depriving countrymen of basic human rights. Politicians, and citizens augur that this act occurred in America when the national Defense authorization act (NDAA) passed in 2011. Opponents suggests that this bill proves unconstitutional for the reason that it strips away habeas corpus, thus allowing the detainment of American citizens suspected of terrorist activity for an indefinite period devoid of a trial. Other politicians, and citizens consider this act stands as a breach of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1876 in which forbid the Army’s participation in domestic lawful assembly on American soil. The suspension of habeas corpus number in the few for good reason, and presidents, politicians, and Supreme Court justices auger whether or not the Constitution offer provisions to commit such an act. However, the rights of habeas corpus denied by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 during the American Civil War, and in 2006 by President George Bush fighting the war on terror. The reasons for the suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln and Bush were worlds apart as explained by Foner, (n.d.). Foner notes that Lincoln were perhaps on the threshold of losing a nation; whereas, Bush believe it essential to detain prisoners of war without due process of law after the attacks by terrorists on September 11, 2001. The Military Commissions Act of 2006 signed into law by President Bush gave unlimited authority toward establishing a military commission. On the other hand, Lincoln deemed it vital to protect a stretch of land from Baltimore to Washington DC. This railroad line involved transportation, troop movement, and delivering supplies. Only in the occurrence of rebellion or invasion does the president possess the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus; however, the terms rebellion, and invasion takes on several meanings, and which undergo litigating through generations to generation. In other words, in grave situations concerning the safety of the public, the federal government can incontestably suspend the privilege or writ of habeas corpus under the Constitution.constitutional right On July 12, 2008 majority justice Kennedy joined by Breyer, Ginsburg, Souter, and Stevens held that prisoners at Guantanamo Bay suspected of committing terrorism possess constitutional rights, in which allows them the process of challenging their detention in the United States civil court of law. The courts only reiterated that before the Bill of Rights appeared in the Constitution, habeas corpus stood as a civil right for prisoners of war. The Bush administration drew heavy scrutiny regard to civil rights from majority justice Kennedy regarding those detained at Guantanamo, in which he concluded that the Constitution warrants nothing less than full habeas corpus. Some members of the Supreme Court consider the act of Denying any prisoner of war, especially Afghan soldiers stands one of those extreme measures in which the government denies habeas corpus, thus committing war crimes under the Geneva Convention. Moreover, the three branches of the United States government collectively re cognize the Geneva Convention as binding (Katyal, Bongiovanni, & Valentini, 2007). On the other hand, for many court justices denying rights to terrorists seems deserving of anyone who sets out to kill innocent people anywhere although not in the act of war; nevertheless, Congress does not possess the power to strike away these rights. However, Congress provided the federal courts will habeas corpus jurisdiction from its inception, and it will take affirmative action to withdraw jurisdiction (Vladeck, 2010). Fighting the war on terror proves the most unconventional war any country face. These individuals entire life consist of killing Americans citizens or anyone (infidels) meaning those who do not accept Islamic faith when and wherever an opportunity present itself. People speculate that should mindless rhetoric, such as this merit traditional representation of the Constitution, and the answer varies throughout the nation. There proves a need for habeas corpus because of its humane connotation. In other words, every form of torture, and some critics make auger that some form of torture considered beneath the conduct of the United States; moreover those that participate in such a manner prove not worthy of wearing the United States military uniform. Many Americans believe the Bush administration proceeded overzealously in the efforts to fight terrorism. Nevertheless; subsequent to terrorists striking down the World Trade Center buildings in New York City, American citizens wanted the United States to strike back immediately with deadly force. Just under 4000 citizens perished in the attacks bestowed on New York City on September 11, 2001, and the Bush administration worked tirelessly to gather intelligence before making decisive maneuvers to bring those responsible to justice. Niday, (2008) notes that in the immediate wake of 9/11 the war receive near unanimous support of the war on terror from both sides of the aisles and the Bush administration employed terms such as illegal combatants, and enemy combatants to bolster its campaign. In times of calamity, Americans, and people throughout the world stand at their best, and pull together in unison to aid one another. One could almost surmise that Americans may fight among each other issues of race, politics, and human rights; however, failed to allow others to come hashed out devastation on other Americans on American soil, or anywhere in the world. Common knowledge demonstrate that wealthier Americans; moreover, the rich in general do not serve equal time in jail for crimes committed as the poor. One have to surmise that people work their entire lives to amass riches to achieve an advantage in the world; even if it means special treatment in regard to unequal justice. Even though Betty v. Bradley deprived lawful representation to accusers charged with a crime; however, unable financially to secure representation in 1942, the Supreme Court ruled that the right of legal representation, and the sixth amendment obligated states to provide legal counsel nonetheless (Levin-Waldman, 2012). The writ of habeas corpus provides everyone the right to judge, jury, and trial. This law protects citizens from tyranny, unlawful arrest, and imprisonment without legal representation. The writ of habeas corpus presently address, or intervene between several procedures, (e.g., post convictions, prisoners not charged with a crime, prisoners awaiting trial, death row inmates, and prisoners serving long sentences than usual. The idea of habeas corpus will materialize often when discussing matters of civil liberties and the Constitution, and obviously people in general believe totally in this fundamental right. In the case of major disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina prove the shortcomings of government, and the incorrect intelligence toward finding weapons of mass destruction only substantiate that government assertions may turn out false. Nevertheless, that proves why the right to habeas corpus (a fair hearing before an impartial judge) proves written in the Constitution. Injustice anywhere prove injustice everywhere, and people in the United States regardless of their stature, and wealth stand guarantee the fundamental rights of due process under the law of habeas corpus. The Constitution of the United States make America the greatest country in the world; however, there are those constantly challenging the weight of the Constitution, pushing amendments to uncharted territories, and denying fundamental rights to those thought less deserving. Nevertheless, American patriots stand proud of the idea of a totally free nation, in which every ethnic group, men, and women can thrive together o n the rule of law. Reference Bradley, C. (2010). Clear statement rules and executive war powers. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 33(1), 1439-148. Document ID: 1950961981. Foley, B. (2007). Guantanamo and beyond: Dangers of rigging the rules. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 97(4), 1009-10069. Document ID: 1466824931. Retrieved from ProQuest Central database, in the Ashford Online Library. Foner, E. (n.d.). Lincoln’s abuse of the presidential power [Video]. Available from http://www.5min.com/Video/Lincolns-Abuse-of-the-Presidential-Power-294084084 FOR A.tv. (2009). Gitmo and the writ of habeas corpus [Video]. Available from http://www.5min.com/Video/Gitmo-and-the-Writ-of-Habeas-Corpus-516897065 Halliday, P. (2011, March 17). Habeas corpus: From England to Empire [Video]. Available from http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/298560-5 Katyal, N., Bongiovanni, G., & Valentini, C. (2007, December). Terrorism, emergency powers, and the role of the U.S. Supreme Court: An interview with Neal K. Katyal . Ratio Juris, 20(4), 443-455. Retrieved from Academic search Premier (EBSCOhost), in the Ashford Online Library. Levin-Waldman, O. M.

Globalisation and environmental sustainability Essay

A global society is marked by new technologically integrated local and international relations which encourage the study of the effects of globalisation and as well as internationalisation of various disciplines in a society which are involved in social interactions. This interactions may be locally based or may involve international relations some of which have a close relationship to political philosophy, international economies, conflict analysis, international laws and policies as well as sociology. Globalisation makes the world more productive and stable. In the past few decades, the global economy has become increasingly interconnected and integrated. This integration is quite evident in the international markets and it has been on a steady increase since the seventeenth century although in the last few years, globalisation has undergone revolution which has given rise to many controversial issues regarding its effects and impacts on the larger global society (Lindert, Williamson 2001). Some researches have indicated that in the last two decades or so, the increased integration in the global markets has resulted in greater inequality in the way income is distributed among nations around the world. In connection to this, Bourguignon and Morrisson (2000) have also observed that combining inequality within and across countries has brought a significant rise in the global inequality since 1960 thus making the already poor countries poorer while the rich countries get richer through globalisation. Globalisation refers to the way in which nations increasingly become interconnected with one another in terms of economic, political, technological, social and cultural aspects. More often than not, the word globalisation is used to refer to the economic aspect of a nation. Economic globalisation describes the integration of national economies into the international economies via trade, migrations, international market capital flows, foreign investments and increased use of technology. The increasing rate of globalisation as has been experienced in the past two decades or so has led to rapid growth of global trade, financial capital flows, direct foreign investments and cross border trade transactions (Johnston, Taylor, Watts 2002). The major facilitators of this growth include improved transport and communication infrastructure, improved technological know-how, quicker methods of telecommunication and internet services. In addition to this, globalisation has been favoured by removal of trade barriers and policies across nations which previously inhibited international trade among nations. This has now liberalised trade and encouraged more export and import transactions which promote globalisation. The establishment of international trade organisations such as world bank, IMF and WTO have also played a significant role in facilitating globalisation as they are devoted to promoting trade and investment across nations worldwide. The result of this kind of globalised trade is presence of multinational companies (MNCs) whose budgets exceed those of the economies of many nations in which they are situated (Atkison 1999). Globalisation and sustainability. In the recent years, many controversies have emanated from the issue of globalisation. It is now seen an unnecessary evil which is threatening the social and environmental sustainability of the global societies. Globalisation is viewed by some people as an opportunity for national and international economic growth while others feel that it is a threat to economic prosperity, political sovereignty and cultural integrity (Jussilla, Cullen 2002). People in developed countries are particularly concerned with the fact that globalisation poses a threat to unskilled workers who are bound to be left jobless with the increased technological methods of production in the contracting industries. On the other hand, the developing nations are mostly concerned about the loss of political powers and sovereignty as well as loss of economic prosperity which is bound to be brought about by globalisation. According to Bhalla (2002) the whole concept of globalisation is surrounded by ideological issues both positive and negative which in the long run affect the people or societies in the globalised world. , the controversial aspect of globalisation can not be easily resolved. Globalisation and environmental sustainability. Environmental sustainability refers to the aspect of addressing the needs of the current global societies fully while being cautious not to compromise the needs of the societies which are to come,that is, future generations. According Heinberg (2005), globalisation has directly or indirectly led to several environmental issues such as global warming, increased deforestation, depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of water catchment areas, biodiversity, most natural resources have reached or are nearing depletion levels, pollution of water, air and the entire environment among others. For instance, globalisation has enabled MNCs to invest in countries which have few or no environmental conservation by-laws and this results in high environmental degradation as well as depletion of natural resources. However, the WTO in response to this effect has argued that the large amounts of income or capital flows earned from globalisation are capable of catering for the environmental degradation and this is bound to improve the quality of the environment to even higher standards that it were in before. In addition, globalisation has led to increased industrialisation all over the globe and this has resulted in the much dreaded effects of depletion of the ozone layer and global warming. Global warming comes as a result of release of industrial pollutants from the manufacturing industries into the environment. Such pollutants include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur and so forth. The effects of global warming are quite evident all over the globe as they have led to diverse changes in weather and climate resulting in drought and famines in some parts of the world among other effects. The depletion of the ozone layer occurs as a result of release of chemicals such as freons and fluorocarbons in to the air which react with ozone layer hence thinning it (Bellow 2001). However,there are several positive effects of globalisation in relation to environmental sustainability. Precisely, globalisation has led to improved methods of energy utilisation, substitution of resources especially those occurring naturally, innovation of metal recovery and material recycling methods, dematerialisation of resources among other positive practices (Eiezen, Maxine 2006). Globalisation has particularly been putting great emphases on dematerialisation and this has helped industries to improve their efficiency in production, minimise and manage their waste production and reduced the production costs through use of cheap systematic procedures. In addition, the use of improved technological methods has made companies to adopt newer and more efficient methods of energy utilisation and as a result, the energy requirements in industrialized countries have substantially reduced in the recent years. Moreover, many non-renewable energy resources have been substituted with renewable sources of energy and this has greatly reduced the risk of depletion of such resources in the near future. Although the improved technology has great positive effects on the environmental sustainability, globalisation is negatively associated with the exportation and use of technologies and activities that can have detrimental effects on the environment. All these environmental effects of globalisation have either a direct or an indirect impact on the global societies. Lack of clean water for instance is a negative effect which is likely to cause diseases and suffering to the larger population. On the other hand, improved energy efficiency, advanced technology and industrialisation translates a greater advantage to the people living in the globalised world in terms of better quality consumer products, free exchange of goods, capital and services between nations among others. Globalisation and social sustainability. On the aspect of social sustainability, globalisation plays a very important role in terms of improving or lowering the social status of the people living in globalised world. Experts have argued that globalisation tends to impose a greater disadvantage to the poor countries while at the same time it favours the already developed nations (Bellow 2001). They add that although globalisation is believed to favour free trade among nations, it lead to much inequality between the developed and the under developed countries since the developing countries are unable to compete favourably with the developed countries in the international markets (Agyeman, Bullar, Evans 2003). In addition, the increased use of technology is bound to render many people jobless especially the unskilled workers, since most of the work which was previously done manually by the people is now easily done by machines. This reflects negatively on the society especially in the poorer countries since when people do not get jobs to do, they are likely to suffer from starvation, poor health, illiteracy among other social problems (Walker 2005). On the positive side, globalisation allows free movement of people across nations as they trade and this has promoted cultural diversity, intermarriages, tourism and so forth. This has further promoted peace,understanding and unity between individuals as well as nations. It is thus clear that globalisation has some critical impacts on the social lives of individuals an groups living in the industrialised countries. Identities and powers based on globalisation and sustainability. The last one decade or so has presented a turbulent phase for the global societies marked by globalisation and resurgence in the identity politics or religion based politics. Globalisation being a process of ongoing capitalism-industrialisation has had some adverse effects on the poor strata of the society. According to Heiberg (2005), the nature of globalisation is contradictory in that it divides the world as much as it unites it. Movements fundamental to globalisation are based on empathy, ideology and identities. The lives of people living in global societies are largely shaped by conflicting trends of globalisation and identity and current events in the world indicate that community identities are threatened by the forces of globalisation. One effect of globalisation on the societal political structure is the emergence of socialist states which came into being in the mid-20th century ushering in the beginning of an industrial society. The intensified rate of globalisation has led to a rise of America as a lone super-power in the world, decline of the power and authority exercised by the United Nations, decline in the amount of Non-Aligned movement, a rise in Fascist-fundamentalist politics among countries and worsening of the problems experienced by the poor in the society. While globalisation is believed to result in a democratic world economy, the political democracy system in the world is stifled in form of emasculation of the potential world government. As the national economies become more and more globalised, the world political powers become more and more centralised into one or a few nations of the world. This power monopoly is a negative effect of globalisation as it leads to a decline in democratic norms and projection of identity politics. Identity politics involve competition over scarce resources which could in principle be taken to mean struggle for political power or economic wealth resources. This kind of competition seems to favour only the rich and mighty residing in the wealthy and powerful countries leading to a form of discrimination. As a result, globalisation makes the people in rich countries continue becoming richer as those in poor countries become more poor by the day. In this case it is clear that although globalisation is capable of empowering a nation both economically and politically, the power distribution is unequal and this puts some nations at a higher political power advantage than others. Conclusion. Beyond doubt, globalisation has led to significant increase in per capita income of different nations which have fully accepted this process and applied effectively the technological advancements which come with it. It can however be seen that, globalisation has pushed most developing or Third world countries along the path of diminishing sustainability and this has not in any way been improved by the recent regulations made in the globalisation processes. For instance, the deregulation of global trade in the recent past has led to a decrease in the environmental and social-cultural constraints associated with globalisation but this kind of deregulation has failed to address the issues of sustainability. In conclusion, it is clear that the current globalisation process is quite unsustainable but with a few policies to govern it properly, the process is capable of bringing much success in the long run to all nations world wide as well as to people as individuals in the globalised world. Reference. Atkinson, G., Dubourg, R. , Hamilton, K. , Munasinghe, M. , Pearce D. , 1999. Measuring sustainable development. UK: Edward Elgar Publishers. Agyeman, J. , Bullard, R. D. , Evans, B. , (eds. ). 2003. Sustainability: Development in an Unequal World, London: Earthscan. Bello, W. F. 2001. The Future in the Balance: Essays on Globalization and Resistance. Oakland, Calif: Food First Books. Bhalla, A. S. 2002. Globalisation and Sustainable Development: A Southern African Perspective†, International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 40-57.

Internal Factors Essay

Parents strategies( W1+ T2)| a) SO strategy Eastern & Oriental has a good brand name and well- known product among Malaysians. Brand equity is the value and strength of the brand that decides its worth. E&O is a strong and familiar company with their brand like hotels where is give some favourable positive strong and distinctive brand association in the public’s memory. Eastern & Oriental Berhad should strengthen their promotion method by using advertisement through mass media. E&O can use Malaysian Tourism Sector to improve their brand equity. Malaysian Tourism Sector is the one way to promote product and let people know their products. Populations in Malaysia increasing everydays, it gives E&O more opportunities with increasing the number of branches. Besides that, E&O can expand their business with make a good relationship between employee. Great relationship with employee can motivate workers to do great tasks and jobs. b) ST strategy As we know nature disaster is not under our controlled. We cannot control when nature disaster can occur. Eastern & Oriental can take this threat as a strength, where E&O may build many station or branches as alternative options. So that, when disaster nature happens, only station for that location are damaged but then, there are anothers branches. E&O have to build a good relationship between customers. So that, indirectly, customers will help E&O promote their products to relatives, friends and others. Top management of E&O should emphasize about relationships between customers and employees. Success of a company not only depends on the operating solely but also the efficiency of employees in the company. For E &O Berhad, their employees are most valuable asset toward the success of business. Beside the incentives that already be given to the employee such as rewards, E & O incentives for workers who perform on their performances accordance to standards such as reward or bonuses is one of the strategic method to motivate workers give full commitment in completing their jobs. Natural of human being, people tends to do their best if they will be rewarded. By using this method of management, an organization could get benefit in their production and thus increase the profit. c) WO Strategy Placing a good strategic can affect the frequency number of customers’ consumption towards company’s products. This is one of the factors which the company should have to be concern regarding sensitivity of customers that is risk assessment. E & O can analyze and do research of the environmental scanning in terms of the location which has uncertainty risk that it will be threat towards company’s activity performance such as earthquakes, rainfall region, high land and any other places that have high possibility in risk. As we know, nowadays people tends to use technologies most of the time. Purchasing groceries, monitor children and others transactions with the technology. So that, E & O must take this threats of technologies as a opportunities where it can ease E & O more. d) WT Strategy In order to avoid competition in hospitality industry, E & O could use a parent procedure or guidelines to overcome those threats. Parents procedure usually was a successful strategy that already approved by the performance of parents company. Thus by using parents procedure, E & O just not able to overcome the threats but also able to increasing company performance toward company objective. Ratio Analysis. Ratio| Formula| Answer| Current Ratio| Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities| E&O Berhad’s rich history and heritage, infused by its namesake, the E&O Hotel in Penang form the cornerstone for the Group’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This is E&O’s guiding principle as they conduct their business in a manner that will enable them to contribute towards the preservation of the heritage, culture and arts within the communities they operate in. This is specially meaningful since George Town’s inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 as well as the recognition of the 127- years old E&O Hotel as a Penang heritage landmark. Demonstrate they commitment to and belief in CSR by conducting their business in an economically, socially and environmentally responsible manner while simultaneously balancing the interests of their diverse stakeholders. Preserving culture, heritage and arts During the financial year, a significant portion of the E&O Group’s limited available resources were allocated towards heritage and cultural activities supporting George Town as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, consistent with the Group’s strong presence in Penang. This included supporting the month- long George Town Festival (GTF) which is organized by the Penang State Government, Municipal Council of Penang Island, George Town World Heritage Incorporated and Penang Global Tourism to commemorate the city’s inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage listing. The Group’s collaboration with The Actors Studio (TAS), Malaysia’s foremost performing arts group, to set up the Performing Arts Centre of Penang (penangpac) is seen as a positive step in providing penangites and the northern region with greater access to the arts. Other ongoing CSR initiatives include contributions to underprivileged communities, charities and non- governmental organisations as well as facilitating the Community Recycling Centre in their Seri Tanjung Pinang masterplanned seafront development as part of the â€Å"Green Our World† initiative where proceeds from the sale of recyclable items were donated to charity. The Group also contributed to the Chinese New Year Cultural and Heritage celebrations that were held Penang- state wide with the participation of local associations and schools in the core heritage zone. Transparency in the market place. In maintaining transparency and accountability to their stakeholders, the Group continually provides clear, transparent and timely information to the marketplace through regular press releases, roadshows, briefings, meetings and interviews with members of the media, investment community and analyst. Shareholders and invited participants like the Minority Stakeholder Watchdog Group (MSWG) are briefed directly on the company’s performance and plans at annual and extraordinary general meetings. Accessible in the public domain and regularly updated is the Group’s corporate information at www. easterandoriental.

Poetry explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Poetry explication - Essay Example The speaker is lying alone on her bed, at midnight. She couldn’t sleep and she listens to the sound of the rain tapping on the window glass. She remembers her past loves and realizes that they aren’t really very significant as she doesn’t even remember the names of her past lovers. The feelings that she remembers are very generic and simple (as opposed to special). She compares herself to a â€Å"lonely tree† (9) during the winter time and contrasts summer in the next two lines. The message in the last two lines are quite sad (and lonely of course, as she is alone) because it echoes the fact that â€Å"summer sang† (13) and â€Å"sings no more† (14). There is sureness in the fact that something will not happen again; that something has ended. The poem pictures a lonely person trying to introspect into her love life. Trying to remember loves and loves lost; trying to evaluate if they were all worth it. Apparently there were a lot of lovers because she has forgotten the people, â€Å"the arms that lain under my head† (2) and the â€Å"lips my lips have kissed† (1), that she has experienced. That these are the â€Å"unremembered lads that not again will turn† (7) and that they will never happen again because that season of her life has ended, when she compared herself to a lonely tree in winter. The loneliness and sadness is very evident in the poem as it portrays a woman alone in bed in a dark, rainy and cold night, realizing that the past loves of her were shallow; probably thinking that all of those experiences are worthless as none of them were special. The last line of the poem, though, can be a bit vague in a sense that she compared herself to a tree in winter. Winter. Winter is a part of a season, and in this poem, the seasons is a metaphor for life. It is told that in life there is always a season for everything; that there is a time for everything. Now it’s also known that the seasons come and go. Now she is at the winter part of

Project and Programme Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project and Programme Management - Essay Example For HuanghÐ µ, CRM must mÐ µan all of thÐ µsÐ µ things and morÐ µ for thÐ µ projÐ µct stratÐ µgy to rÐ µally work. Many solutions must bÐ µ forÐ µsÐ µÃ µn. OnÐ µ solution is to usÐ µ CRM to bolstÐ µr thÐ µ company intÐ µrnally. AnothÐ µr solution is to usÐ µ CustomÐ µr RÐ µlationship ManagÐ µmÐ µnt to markÐ µt morÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µly and rÐ µach thÐ µ cliÐ µnt bÐ µttÐ µr. â€Å"WhÐ µn customÐ µr rÐ µlationship managÐ µmÐ µnt CRM) camÐ µ on thÐ µ scÐ µnÐ µ approximatÐ µly six yÐ µar ago, somÐ µ viÐ µwÐ µd it with skÐ µpticism and primarily saw it as a way to rÐ µfinÐ µ rathÐ µr than rÐ µinvÐ µnt markÐ µting. MorÐ µ progrÐ µssivÐ µ markÐ µtÐ µrs adoptÐ µd thÐ µ CRM tÐ µchniquÐ µs of compiling all consumÐ µr and markÐ µt data into a cÐ µntralizÐ µd databasÐ µ and usÐ µd data mining to morÐ µ narrowly dÐ µfinÐ µ targÐ µt audiÐ µncÐ µs basÐ µd on charactÐ µristics rathÐ µr than gÐ µnÐ µral dÐ µmographicsâ €  (Paddison, 2004). YÐ µt anothÐ µr solution could focus morÐ µ on thÐ µ managÐ µmÐ µnt of thÐ µ company than thÐ µ cliÐ µnt, and highlight managÐ µmÐ µnt having a working knowlÐ µdgÐ µ of markÐ µting. and bÐ µing ablÐ µ to work with markÐ µtÐ µrs and consultants in a proactivÐ µ mannÐ µr that rÐ µflÐ µcts thÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µrnal dynamism of thÐ µ IT and communications markÐ µt. ... â€Å"Work with somÐ µonÐ µ from your markÐ µting or planning dÐ µpartmÐ µnt to dÐ µvÐ µlop a sÐ µriÐ µs of quÐ µstions that will dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ thÐ µ basÐ µlinÐ µ financial savvy of your dÐ µpartmÐ µnt hÐ µads. ThÐ µn conduct onÐ µ or two focus groups with a rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntativÐ µ cross sÐ µction†¦ A kÐ µy goal of thÐ µ focus group should bÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrmining how wÐ µll your managÐ µrs undÐ µrstand thÐ µ rÐ µports thÐ µy rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  (MacÐ µvicuiatÐ µ, 2001). ThÐ µsÐ µ solutions can work in both long-tÐ µrm and short-tÐ µrm formats to hÐ µlp thÐ µ company rÐ µmain compÐ µtitivÐ µ. In tÐ µrms of applying CRM to thÐ µ currÐ µnt pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µd instability and constraint in thÐ µ Ð µconomy, it is bÐ µttÐ µr to cull support from thÐ µ morÐ µ cautious sidÐ µ of CRM dÐ µmonstratÐ µd, as onÐ µ sourcÐ µ statÐ µs that â€Å"it should bÐ µ appliÐ µd only to procÐ µssÐ µs vital to a company's compÐ µtitiv Ð µnÐ µss† (Rigby and LÐ µdingham, 2004). It is important to also kÐ µÃ µp in mind cautionary Ð µxamplÐ µs of what can happÐ µn in CRM systÐ µms whÐ µn mismanagÐ µmÐ µnt and othÐ µr obstaclÐ µs arÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd to givÐ µn an ovÐ µrall holistic application of CRM IT systÐ µms, or, for that mattÐ µr, intÐ µrnational Ð µxpansion in gÐ µnÐ µral. In casÐ µs likÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ, workload is incrÐ µasÐ µd in a way that is inÐ µfficiÐ µnt to thÐ µ company. In a compÐ µtitivÐ µ businÐ µss Ð µnvironmÐ µnt, this doÐ µs not hÐ µlp thÐ µ customÐ µr in thÐ µ long run in this casÐ µ Ð µxamplÐ µ. Also, if a company doÐ µs not rÐ µspÐ µct intÐ µrnal host culturÐ µs, thÐ µrÐ µ is thÐ µ abovÐ µmÐ µntionÐ µd risk of thÐ µ host culturÐ µ pÐ µrcÐ µiving thÐ µ company to bÐ µ yÐ µt anothÐ µr arrogant outsidÐ µr. HuanghÐ µ can makÐ µ stridÐ µs in functionality of CRM, in tÐ µrms of kÐ µÃ µping up with and intÐ µgrating

Managing and Improving Quality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing and Improving Quality - Term Paper Example There are three performance improvement methodologies described in this paper. Six Sigma is one of the methodologies and was initiated by Motorola then publicized by General electric. It is a manufacturing methodology whose focus is on variance reduction via a problem solution approach in order to improve quality of output. Lean thinking which was pioneered by Toyota as the company’s key to success. The methodology aims at reducing waste in order to improve the performance of business via workflow improvement. Theory of Constraint is a methodology which focuses on constraints of the manufacturing system and stresses on quicker systems throughput in a system process. Comparison of performance Improvement Methodologies Agenda Six sigma Lean thinking Theory of constraints Theory Reduce variation Waste elimination Constraint management Targeted Organizations Manufacturing manufacturing Manufacturing spotlight problems Flow of work Systems limitation Applications Definitions Analyz ing Improving Controlling measuring Value recognition Recognizing value stream Perfection Pull and flow Recognizing limitations and exploiting them. Subordinate process Constraint elevation Cycle repetition Assumptions Problem existence Quick throughput Limited inventory Fluctuations Measurement of performance for managers. Quality improvement. Removal of waste improves the performance of business. Several but small improvements are preferable compared to systems analysis. Speed and volume emphasis. Use of existing systems. An independent process. Primary effect Output process is uniform Decreased flow time Quick throughput Use of Six Sigma in healthcare organizations Six Sigma offers healthcare organizations a structure for Quality improvement both as a measurement as an application. Six Sigma is important in a healthcare organization for viability reduction in clinical service delivery. The application of Six Sigma in healthcare is a quality improvement plan in the process of medi cation application. Its presentation in this methodology demonstrates the versatility of these quality improvements in the healthcare organizations. Six Sigma in QI plan is a concept in statistics that represents the differences in data which has been set about its mean. In healthcare organizations the process capability measures the mean of the process in relation to the closest patient specifications limit. Six sigma as a management methodology provides the healthcare organization with the ability to systematically reduce its current errors and defects occurrences to low levels. This is achieved with a specific goal of delivering services with minimum error for maximum opportunities. Therefore in healthcare services the QI plan for six sigma is consider as a measurement and a methodology as well. In the healthcare organizations Six Stigma is applied in reducing variation sources found in various process of the organization. These processes include patient treatment, billing, patie nt triage and technology use by employees. Six Sigma was chosen by the many healthcare organizations due to its ability to evaluate process capability in performing defect free in a case where the defect is defined as something that patient satisfaction. At the same time, Six Sigma helps in designing,

Eco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Eco - Essay Example A customer relation is one primary feature of business that can allow a small company to outshine large business competitors without spending much money or time. Truthfully, customer relations will build a concrete reputation for an organization and earn repeat clientele. This paper will address customer relations as a congruent economic issue in an organization. In order for any organization to succeed, it must bear in mind that the ultimate goal of all customer relations programs is to establish and build long-term relationships- those in which customers keeps buying the product or service and recommending it to others- with customers. For an organization to achieve this objective, it may need to go to greater lengths to build strong reputation for lavishing their customers with special services, gifts, discounts or other benefits (Schulz, 2008). Nowadays, customer relations has become such a vital paradigm in modern business that people commonly refer to relations with an organiza tion’s internal and external customers. ... Nevertheless, acquiring clients and maintaining them is yet another challenge facing many organizations worldwide. The main aim for all businesses is to gain the most out of their activities. Therefore, customers and customer relations are essential factors that contribute to achievement of this goal (Bliss, 2006). Cognitively, it becomes vital to focus on customer loyalty in order to achieve an organization’s objectives. The main purpose of most well developed customer relations is to turn one time or occasional clients into loyal buyers. Customer relations specialists distinguish loyalty from satisfaction, putting across that, it is possible for an organization to satisfy customers but have no particular loyalty. Some customers claim to draw satisfaction from one company’s products but still buy competitor’s products as well. Indeed, what mostly drives the emphasis on loyalty is the bottom line (Kollin, 2011). Customer relations analysts assert that, by estimat es, an organization can spend much higher amount of money in attracting new customers compared to that required in bringing back loyal customers. In addition, repeat customers are more likely to recommend the company to others and try to out the company’s latest products and services. The financial results are that a small percentage increase in customer loyalty can translate into significant rise in profits. Nonetheless, the opposite of customer loyalty- customer turnover- can deplete an organization’s marketing resources and signal weaknesses in the firm’s brand image or its competition position. However, it is worth noting that, high turnover does not necessarily depict that the company’s underlying products or services are at fault. Rather, it may be the negativity or

Two Specific Organizational Forms of Business and the Possible Implica Assignment

Two Specific Organizational Forms of Business and the Possible Implications of the Principal-Agent Problem - Assignment Example Two specific organizational forms are the product-based organizational form and the functional form. The functional form is structured according to different functional departments in the organization, such as the finance, sales, marketing, product development, accounting, and human resources. On the other hand, a product based organizational form is structured according to the organization’s product lines: electronics, appliances, consumer products, and others. A principal-agent relationship is defined as a relationship which â€Å"occurs whenever one person acts in the interests of another† (Garger, 2010, p. 1). As emphasized by McGuigan, Moyer and Harris (2014), the principal-agent model ensues when â€Å"owner-principals hire manager-agents to stand in and conduct their business affairs† (p. 559). Accordingly, â€Å"in a functional organization, the firm is divided into functional divisions, and a division manager has responsibility for a single functionâ₠¬â„¢s activities on behalf of all products. In a product-based organization, the firm is organized into product divisions, and a division manager has responsibility for all functional activities in behalf of a single product† (Besanko, Regibeau, & Rockett, 2005, p. 461). The possible implications of a principal agent relationship in a functional organization versus product-based organizations are summed as follows: (1) measuring profitability in a product-based organization is easier due to the ease of offering incentives according to products; (2) when functions are deemed more significant in a functional organization, the latter is allegedly favored due to the ability to offer and apply incentive sensitivity principle; (3) in the presence of cross-product externalities within functional departments, findings revealed preference for favoring functional organizations due to  the ability of function managers to imbibe externalities in their decision-making processes; and (4) â€Å"diseconomies of span generally favor the functional organization when one product is significantly more important to firm profitability than the other and favors the product organization when one function is significantly more important than the other†.

Gun Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gun Control - Essay Example The opponents of gun control argue that guns are necessary for self-protection. Furthermore, they would ensure self defense when police fail to provide protection to general public. The proponents of this view believe that a burglar will always be armed and it gives him a higher advantage than the common man. If the general public also is given guns it may counter balance the situation. However, evidently gun is not devised to threaten or injure someone but to kill; hence the free use of guns must be banned on the following grounds. In the first place, nobody takes serious care of guns that it has become a common utensil like knife or pen. Guns are very often misused by everyone especially school children. When they get emotionally upset, instead of seeking some counseling measures, they pick parent’s gun and shoot at their peers and teachers. As reported in the New York Times, in the 90s, the number of children carrying guns to the school was more than one lakh in the US. It is also reported that â€Å"both gun carrying and gun violence are phenomena almost entirely confined to world outside schools† (Cleck, cited in Texas Plan for guns in school may not comply with state law, Aug 19, 2008). The statistics clearly shows the incidents like shooting in a college of Alabama killing one woman wounding three on April 7th 2011. The killing of 12 elementary school students by a gun man in Rio De Jeniro, Brazil on April 8th stands on the top of all such incidents (School shootings, May 2, 2011). The practice of allowing children to get access to and use guns is not digestible for common sense. The argument that guns are necessary for self protection in the US can be severed by pointing that guns can’t be carried to all the places. The exponents of such an argument must answer how they would secure their lives in such a place. But no law prevents a person from carrying his body to anywhere. So, those who are worried about their lives may master som e martial arts so that they can well protect themselves from a person coming to assault them. Some others argue that since criminals have guns, the public also must be given them to counter balance the situation. There are people who have the license to use guns. But still there are incidents like bank robbery and house breaking. If the license to use guns would well tackle the situation there would have been much decline in bank robbery, house breaking and so on. But unfortunately that does not happen. Recently, in Florida the auto dealership Nation’s Truck offered an imprudent promise of giving an AK-47 rifle for those who buy a truck. The idiotic offer of the company must be condemned on the ground that it is easy such a mass destructive weapons to reach the hands of the terrorists. This would add an extra asset to the stock piling of the evil doers as increase in the number of weapons also increase violence and the killing of innocent people. This shows the narrow concept of the companies to increase their profit without giving any consideration to social responsibility. Only licensed companies and government must be given the privilege to deal in arms and ammunition. Further, licenses given in case of inevitable circumstances must be limited to handguns and not to mass destructive weapons. In brief, I affirm that guns or any weapons are the means of destruction and killing, not of construction and creation. They are even

Assessment and assessment techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment and assessment techniques - Essay Example The difference between both of the variables permits progress in teaching interactions. Students who attend their Montessori school sessions are more critical to identify and improve. Class room assessment is a tangled task which is to be performed by the teachers however it is very much useful as it provides numerous instrumental techniques to get the students’ performance improved in varied senses. It is more critical because of admitted correlation amidst learning and assessment. It is as closer as lessons and examination. To have better results in final examination and learning objectives, students are intended to get passed through simulations so that they can be able to perform accordingly. Plan for day to day formative assessment for infant school children has been devised here. It is being justified as per contemporary practices as well based on children psychology. Planning for a formative strategic plan for infant school (or Montessori) children is very critical and difficult. It is because children in this age are unaware of communicating their views properly. On the other hand, children psychologists refer it as a simplest phase of human development because children of three to five years are in continuous learning phase. They are completely dependent upon their parents and teacher for every aspect of study and life. They are easy to mould and adjust in any milieu. However teachers find it difficult to conduct assessment sessions with them in order to take verbal feedback from them because feedback cannot be taken in direct manner. They are required to design assessment surveys and questionnaires which further elaborate the actual scenario of what they have learnt so far. Following steps are devised to outline a plan comprising day to day formative assessment strategies for infant school children. 1. Questioning Questions are asked from children in order to get their beginning points and related to performance indicators. Applicable questions are asked in chronological order from lower to higher degree of their understanding. The questions are designed according to their capabilities in simpler mode of communication. The nature of questions differ in comparative manner for all ages of children. 2. Observations After questioning, it comes the turn of observations. It provides cohesive linkers to connect and find the relationship between answered given in response to certain questions. Teacher is directed to watch the activities of children in order to observe to what extent they are implementing their learning. It is also helpful for moral training for children which was intended to make a part of syllabus. 3. Discussion It is disguised way to observe the activities and mindset of children through two way interactive discussion sessions. It is very important because it gives a chance to clearly discuss the problems which are to be addressed. In the milieu of Montessori children’s education, teachers are required t o synthesize interactions among students and themselves. 4. Reviewing understanding After discussion sessions, it is advised to engage the children in such activities which can elucidate their academic understanding of what they have learnt earlier in class rooms. It basically implies to practical approach of theory taught to the pupil. It may include planned or unplanned recall events which can give a feedback to teacher regarding what was planned for class room learning. In such recall tests, a teacher may

Embedded Formative Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Embedded Formative Assessment - Essay Example In essence, there were certain types of instructions issued by the teacher that seemed especially effective. For instance, the teacher would take us out to the field to learn about various phenomena and concepts related to the subject he was teaching. I think this was especially helpful because we used to directly learn about the concepts in practical situations hence we did not only enjoy his teaching lessons but we used to perform well in his subjects. Another approach that the teacher used in class was the discussion sessions whereby every student participated hence improving the general grade of each one. I think that besides the effective instruction methods, the teacher also used various assessments including but not limited to continuous class tests, end of syllabus exams, and a number of research papers. It is worthy to note that the types of assessments used matched the instructions employed in various ways. In his instructions, the teacher always encouraged class participations in order to keep every student at par with the topic of discussion. Perhaps I have to reiterate that this was the most interesting teacher and class in my entire academic life at least up to this point and

Historical experience leader was not trusted Essay Example for Free

Historical experience leader was not trusted Essay Terry finished from college as an engineer with excellent grades. He got jobs with several companies within the space of two years after graduation. He decided to change job because of harsh environment conditions of the location of the companies. After staying at home for three months, he got another job with a university as an IT assistant, in charge of networking and system repairs. He was enjoying himself in this company: a young university graduate with bright future. He was very dedicated to the discharge of duties. Because of dedication to duty, he was loved by all and sundry. He actually also had good human relationships. During his stay in the company, he had three major plans: settle down for a family with his girl-friend. He wanted to continue his education by bagging a postgraduate degree in Information and communication technology. He also had a business plan to accomplish that would be open the door for his self-employment and own his company. Because of these, he was ready to get as much experience as possible. He was poised to learn as mush as would come his way. And he did. However, he started developing problems with his Unit director who felt he was outshining him in the Unit. They argued on several occasions about they had to do on network problems affecting the University Internet access. At last, he got a sack letter. He left the company. He did not particularly see the sack as a major problem: it was an opportunity for him to actually work on his plans. So, he set forth. He drew up his business plan: got fund from the savings and investments he had made while gainfully employed, from friends and family members. He got a vantage position for his IT Company that provides information and services on Website designs, PC sales and repairs, Internet access and Computer training. He got started with a number of hardworking staff. He made them understand that since the business is new, they had to see themselves as part of a team that must work hard to see that customers are satisfied, their requirements met and services delivered effectively. These workers understood and dedicated their time and energy to the progress of the Company. They trusted his knowledge and managerial skills. They were also ready to make sacrifices for the Company. I got employed into the company as a Customer Service agent in charge of customer relations and keeping a journal of order delivery status. I noticed that Terry had a problem with his girlfriend and he had to break up. This affected his mood and outlook to work in the office. During this time, he lost his vigor and strength. We got talking about many things, including our personal lives. He was articulate and intelligent. But he could not keep to schedule nor meet appointments. A lot of customers and some members of staff complained on this. He promised to change. But he did not. Apart from this, he refused to pay salaries for the first two months. This was not surprise to us as we knew that the Company was getting up and we understood that a lot of money had to go into the running of a new company. After the third month, we met to discuss why salaries had not been paid. The Accounting unit reported that the Company could pay its workers. Against his will, they also told those present that some people have been selectively paid. This got the ‘unpaid’ workers annoyed and seriously vexed. We demanded for an explanation form the Boss. He was ready, as usual to give excuse and sweet-tongued us into this same old story: the Company is just catching up, and soon, all will be well. He supported his point with facts and figures convincing those paid are on special contract. He also used the opportunity to chastise workers who had not been working, especially those he had proposed to and they refused his advances. It later dawned on us that the company leader was making advances to many female workers in the office; those who agreed got paid and those who did not were chastised for their disobedience and were also not paid salaries. I was disappointed to come to this conclusion. I was learning a lot on the job, so I did not want to leave. After five months of endurance, we were paid for three months. I make proposal to opt out of the company because the situation grew worse daily. I called him several times to advise him but he would tell me I was young and had limited experience. Complaints by staff intensified daily. He sacked some, and others opted out willingly . The Situation became embarrassing: virtually everybody in the company knew about the ordeal. After series of threats, all salaries were paid. By then, he had lost a lot of resourceful workers. I also left the Company but not without lessons: little disappointments add up to big distrust. Trust is a major tool that makes communication effective. Anyone that loses this all-important trait is building a castle on sand, it would not last. It’s only a matter of time: it would fall. The company no longer exists. It has now been closed down. Terry had to get a paid job to pay his debts.

Role of Financial Development in Total Factor Productivity

Role of Financial Development in Total Factor Productivity THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY OF VIETNAM’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR Thesis Research Design Instructors: Team of MDE Lectures Student:Hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å" Bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £o Trà ¢n 1. Problem statement There is a large literature about the link between financial development and economic growth. Many studies indentify that productivity as one channel through which finance affects growth. The importance of financial development in raising productivity and promoting economic growth has been discussed in many reports (e.g., Goldsmith 1969; McKinnon 1973; Shaw 1973; Greenwood and Jovanovic 1990; Bencivenga and Smith 1991). The financial system pressure handicaps financial development and results in misallocation of resources, then reduce productivity and economic growth. As the financial systems develop well, overall economic productivity will be improved through the efficient reallocation of resources. At firm level, financial development of a firm allows a firm to appropriate new business opportunities, conduct investment and research activities, make a defense against financial and non-financial shocks and achieve higher productivity. More importantly, firm productivity is an essenti al indicator in transforming financial market development to economic growth at macro level. There are also many empirical studies about the impact of financial development on productivity efficiency. Levine (2005), Beck et al. (2005) point out that financial constraints, including low liquid and limited access to financial resources, make the growth prospect of firms worse. In Vietnam, manufacturing firms play an important role in the decade of economic growth. In 2013, there are 60700 businesses closed. There are many reasons such as long loss profit, management capacity, operating restrictions and lack of funds business†¦ In which, financial market development offers a crucial impetus for enhancing firm competitiveness and catalyzing industrialization. In Vietnam the scientific research using a panel data to find out the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s manufacturing sector is limited. This study will present the evidence of this linkage using panel data for manufacturing firms from 2003 to 2009. 2. Research objective 2.1. Research objectives To estimate the TFP growth rate of manufacturing sector To find the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s Manufacturing Sector. To give policy implication for improving firm productivity 2.2. Scope of the study The study will examine the role of financial development in total factor productivity of Vietnam’s Manufacturing Sector using the panel data of 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. 3. Literature review 1. Productivity: Concepts and measurements Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio of a volume measure of output to a volume measure of input use (Schreyer and Pilat 2001) or in other words, how much of output which is obtained from a given set of inputs (Syverson 2010). Productivity = Quantity of outputs produced/ Quantity of inputs consumed Productivity measurement efforts to point out improvements in using the capital resources, that is, to motivate and evaluate efforts to produce more inputs with fewer inputs while maintaining quality. TFP is used to measure the firm productivity. It captures the growth, which could not be explained by changes in production inputs, thus it can serve as a traditional proxy of productivity improvement. However, there is a correlation between unobservable productivity shocks and optimal choices of input. There are at least two approaches to measure the TFP, which account for the sensitive of optimal input levels to the productivity shocks. First approach is the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement which uses investment as a proxy for productivity shocks (Olley and Pakes 1996). Another approach is the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement which uses intermediate inputs as a proxy for productivity shocks (Levinsohn and Petrin 2003). In this study, I will use the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement to control for the unobservable productivity shocks because of three reasons. Firstly, the dataset of firm investment is not available, thus the the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement will not be feasible. Secondly, even if the investment data is available, the estimation can be suffered from the truncated report â€Å"zero† investment of firms. Finally, the Levinsohn-Petrin TFP measurement is more acceptable than the Olley-Pakes TFP measurement because of it is built from production theory. Assuming a Cobb-Douglas function, TFP is often computed by estimating the equation: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ωit + ÃŽ µit (1) Where yit is firm’s output, lit is firm’s labor, kit is firm’s capital; y, l, k are all in the nature logarithm forms. i and t denote firm and time. ωit is a state variable, which measures productivity. ÃŽ µit is an error or a random productivity shock. Both ωit and ÃŽ µit are unobservable variables. According to Olley and Pakes (1996), the OLS estimates of (1) can be biased because choice of variable inputs can be depended on the firms’ beliefs about the state variable ωi. If there is serial correlation in ωi, the variable inputs such as labor, materials, etc will be positively correlated with ωi. In order to control the bias in OLS estimates, they suggest the following partially linear model: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ht(iit, ait, kit) +ÃŽ µit (2) in which ωit =ht(iit, ait, kit), ait is age of firm i at time t, iit is investment of firm i at time t. The unobservable variable ωit can be expressed by a function of observable variables. Levinson and Petrin (2003) point out that investment data at firm level is very lumpy (there are considerable adjustment costs). If it is true, the investment proxy will not smoothly respond to productivity shock. It violates the consistency condition. They propose the following modified model: yit = ÃŽ ²0 + ÃŽ ²llit + ÃŽ ²kkit + ÃŽ ²mmit + ωit + ÃŽ µit (3) mit is the logarithm of the intermediate inputs such as raw material, power, and electricity expenditures. Its input demand mit depends on the capital variable kit and productivity ωit mit = mt (kit, ωit) The demand of intermediate inputs mit is assumed to be monotonously increasing with ωit. It can be used as a proxy for unobservable variables. Therefore, the unobservable productivity ωit is expressed by the function of two variables kit and mit. ωit = mt (kit, mit) Substituting above equation to equation (3), the production function can be estimated. The coefficients of kit and mit can be recovered by GMM method with assumption that productivity is controlled by a first-order Markov process. ωit = E[ωit/ωit-1] + ÃŽ ·it ÃŽ ·it is an innovation to productivity which can be correlated with labor but uncorrelated with capital. The logarithm TFP of firm can be obtained from the residual of actual output and predicted output. 2. Financial development and firm productivity The important role of financial development in raising productivity and promoting economic growth has been mentioned in many public researches. In traditional growth theories, the role of financial development in growth is through factor accumulations, which are regarded as the main force behind economic growth. Financial development can contribute to total factor productivity growth by increasing marginal productivity of capital (Goldsmith 1969). According to McKinnon and Shaw (1973), financial development also can improve efficiency of capital allocation so as to increase the aggregate saving rate and investment level. However, in traditional growth model, the impact of financial development on growth is limited due to diminishing return to scale of capital. Some recent researches also highlight the relationship between financial development and productivity growth. Jeanneney, Hua and Liang (2006) analyze data from 29 Chinese provinces and find out that financial development has contributed significantly to TFP growth through its positive effect on efficiency in the period from 1993 to 2001. Dabla-Norris, Kersting and Verdier (2010) use firm level dataset and find out that the positive effect of innovation on firm productivity is contributed from financial system. Firms enjoy the maximum benefits from innovation in countries with well-developed financial system. Minjia Chen (2012) examine a panel dataset of Chinese manufacturing firm from 1998 to 2007 also show that financial factors are highly essential to firms’ total factor productivity growth. At micro level, financial development affects productivity growth by various channels. A firm with better financial health tends to bring higher productivity level. Beck et al (2005) suggest that firm with high liquidity is expected to be resilient to financial and non-financial shocks. Similarly, entrance to large external finance can help a company reduce the level of credit constraints, therefore increase their ability and existence in the market (Aghion et al 2007; Levine 2005). 4. Overview of Vietnam SMEs In Decree 90/2001 ND-CP from 2001 to 2009, SME is defined as an independent business establishment which registered capital not exceeding 10 billion VND or annual average number of workers not exceeding 300. From 2009 up to now, SME is defined as: Small and medium enterprises are business establishment which have registered their business according to the law and are divided into three levels of size: very small, small and medium depend on the sizes of their total capital or their average number of workers (total capital is the priority standard). In term of size of employees, nearly 98.34% of firms are small or medium enterprises in 2012. These firms contributed to 40-60% GDP of Vietnam and over a half of total labors in 2011. SME has important role in Vietnam economy. The SME survey has been conducted by the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM), the Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs (ILSSA) under the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam (MoLISA) and the Development Economics Research Group (DERG) of the University of Copenhagen. The research group selects ten provinces including: Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Ha Tay, Phu Tho, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong and Long An. The sample covers around a third of manufacturing firms in Vietnam and seems to be the best quality to represent the characteristics of SMEs in Vietnam. 5. Methodology 5.1. Model Model: TFPit = ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1 TFPi,t-1 + ÃŽ ±2 ln LIQUIDITYit + ÃŽ ±3 ln LEVERAGEit + ÃŽ ±4 ln SIZEit + ÃŽ ±5 ln AGEit + ÃŽ ±6 ln COMit + ÃŽ ±7 ln HUMANKit + ÃŽ ±8 ln FOWNit + uit Where i and t are index firm and time, respectively, uit is the stochastic error term. The lagged TFP variable is important due to Levinson and Petrin (2003) estimation method. The authors assume that firm productivity follows a first-order Markov process. Therefore, the lagged TFP variable must be taken in the model for controlling the serial correlation. About the variables of financial development at firm level, my econometric specification contains two proxies of a firm’s financial quality: liquidity (LIQUIDITYit) and leverage ratio (LEVERAGEit). A firm with better financial health tends to bring higher productivity level. Beck et al (2005) suggest that firm with high liquidity is expected to be resilient to financial and non-financial shocks. Similarly, entrance to large external finance can help a company reduce the level of credit constraints, therefore increase their ability and existence in the market (Aghion et al 2007; Levine 2005). Besides, we also control for several firm-specific characteristics to examine firm productivity performance. Firms’ size (SIZEit) intends to control for the impacts of economies of scale on firm productivity (Balk 2001). Firms’ size (SIZEit) and Firms’ age (AGEit) have been found to be linked to firms’ productivity (e.g. Palangkaraya, Stierwald and Yong, 2009) and are used widely in analyzing firm productivity. Oliner and Sichel (1994; 2000) indicate high-tech capital intensity (COMit) as another determinant of TFP. High-tech capital accumulation has been proven to be an essential factor for raising productivity by improving operational efficiency, profits and, finally, productivity growth (Siegel and Griliches 1992). Another determinant should be considered that is human capital intensity. Since the 1990s, developing countries in Asia, including Vietnam, have been focused on investing human capital, e.g education and training, to achieve higher economic growth. Therefore, it may be interest to estimate the extent of human capital intensity account for TFP. The last important determinant of firm productivity is mentioned widely in many researches of Arnold and Javorcik (2009), Benfratello and Sembenelli (2006), Germa et al. (2004) and Griffith (1999) is foreign ownership (FOWNit). These researches suggest that foreign owned firms are potential to have superior managers, information network and ease to connect international market. Therefore, foreign firms are supposed to get higher productivity than domestic firms. 5.2. Research hypotheses Hypothesis H1: Financial quality (liquidity ratio) will have positive relationship with firm productivity. A firm with high liquidity tends to bring higher productivity level. Hypothesis H2: Financial quality (leverage ratio) will have positive influence on firm productivity. 5.3. Data sources All data sources are available at the Survey of Small and Medium scale manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam, from 2003 to 2009. It gives data about production and financial characteristics of firms such as gross revenue, capital, number of labors, materials, profits, liquid assets, fixed assets, liabilities, equity†¦ The measurement of TFP: requires information on a firm’s gross output and production inputs. Net output is measured by net sales of manufactured goods. There are three inputs in the empirical model: labor, capital and intermediate materials. Labor is the number of employees working for a company. Intermediate materials include components used in the manufacturing process. Capital is measured by the value of land, building as well as machinery, equipment, excluding the depreciation of assets. Financial development variables: First variable is liquidity, which is measured by the ratio of liquid assets to total assets. Second variable is leverage ratio that is measured by the ratio of liabilities to equity. Control variables: Firm size is measured by the total sales of a firm. Firm age is measured by the number of years a firm in operating. If a firm goes in an industry for less than one year, it is set up for zero. High-tech capital accumulation is measured by the number of computers used for each worker. The proportion of skilled labor to total workers of a firm serves as the proxy of human capital investment. Finally, the ratio of investment capital undertaken by foreign parties relative to the total registered capital is used as a proxy of foreign ownership. Finally, the ratio of actual investment capital of foreign parties compared to the total registered capital is served as a proxy of foreign ownership. References: Aghion, P., T. Fally, and S. Scarpetta. 2007. Credit Constraints as a Barrier to the Entry and Post-entry Growth of Firms. Economic Policy 22: 731–119. Arnold, J.M., and B.S. Javorcik. 2009. Gifted Kids or Pushy Parents? Foreign Direct Investment and Plant Productivity in Indonesia. Journal of International Economics 79: 42–53. Balk, B.M. 2001. Scale Efficiency and Productivity Change. Journal of Productivity Analysis 15: 159–183. Beck, T., A. Demirguc-Kunt, and V. Maksimovic. 2005. Financial and Legal Constraints to Firm Growth: Does Firm Size Matter? Journal of Finance 60: 137–177. Bencivenga, Valerie R. and Bruce D. Smith, (1991), Financial intermediation and endogenous Control Unobservables†, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 70, No. 2, 317-41. Benfratello, L., and A. Sembenelli. 2006. Foreign Ownership and Productivity: Is the Direction of Causality So Obvious? International Journal of Industrial and Organization 24: 733–751. Dabla-Norris, Kersting and Verdier, (2010), Firm productivity, innovation and financial development, International Monetary Fund. Girma, S., H. Gà ¶rg, and E. Strobl. 2004. Exports, International Investment, and Plant Goldsmith, Raymond W. 1969. Financial Structure and Development. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. Greenwood, Jeremy and Bruce D. Smith, (1997), Financial markets in development, and the development of financial markets. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 21: 145-81. Review of Economic Studies 58: 195-209. Griffith, R. 1999. Using the ARD Establishment Level Data to Look at Foreign Ownership and Productivity in the United Kingdom. Economic Journal 109: F416–F442. Levine, R. 2005. Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence. In Handbook of Economic Growth Vol. 1, pp. 865–934, edited by P. Aghion and S. Durlauf. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Levinsohn, J., and A. Petrin. 2003. Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to control for Unobservables. Review of Economic Studies 70: 317–341. Minjia Chen, (2010), Financial Effects and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Data. Oliner, S., and D. Sichel. 1994. Computers and Output Growth Revisited: How Big Is the Puzzle? Brooking Papers on Economic Activity 1994: 273–334. Oliner, S., and D. Sichel. 2000. â€Å"The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s: Is Information Technology the Story?† Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, pp. 3–22. Olley, S., and A. Pakes. 1996. The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry. Econometrica 64: 1263–1289. Palangkaraya, A., Stierwald, A. and Yong, J. (2009), â€Å"Is Firm Productivity Related to Size and Age? The Case of Large Australian Firms†, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 9, No. 2, 167-95. Performance: Evidence from A Non-parametric Test. Economics Letters 83: 317–324. Schumpeter, Joseph A, (1911), The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Siegel, D., and Z. Griliches. 1992. Purchased Services, Outsourcing, Computers, and Productivity in Manufacturing. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3678; Output Measurement in the Service Sector, edited by Z. Griliches. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sylviane Guillaumont , Jeanneney, Ping Hua Zhicheng Liang, (2006), Financial Development, Economic Efficiency, And Productivity Growth: Evidence from China, The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 44(1), pages 27-52. Thangavelu, Shandre M., (2013), Financial Health and Firm Productivity: Firm-level Evidence from Viet Nam, ADBI Working Paper Series. Zhenhui, Sudeshna, (2013), Financial Development and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from India’s manufacturing sector, Georgia College State University.

Marketing Report Of Tesco Marketing Essay

Marketing Report Of Tesco Marketing Essay Aim of this easy focus on Tesco marketing operation and how they control their domestic and international market. The information that use in this report is secondary data and also different techniques, analysis such as PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, Marketing mix analysis, market segmentation, targeting analysis etc are used to discover Tescos marketing position in national and international place. Executive Summary 2 The main aim of marketing is to understand customers needs and to develop a right way that can cover all this essential matter. Basically marketing jobs is make sure always and find out about customer requirements. 2 2 Introduction 5 Definitions of Marketing 5 Main Characteristics of Marketing 6 Key elements of market orientation 7 Benefits of marketing approach 7 Cost of marketing approach 8 Market orientation assessment 8 Market segmentation criteria 9 Targeting Strategy 10 Affects of buyer behavior 11 Marketing Mix 13 Different between domestic and international market 15 Different marketing strategy of Tesco 16 SWOT analysis of TESCO 19 http://wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010) 19 Another element of marketing mix 21 Conclusion 23 Recommendation 23 Based on this analysis we can say that TESCO doing vary well retail market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of customer and their needs also no same. 23 Introduction TESCO is top leading retailer in UK. It manages over a thousand supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience store in the United Kingdom, Ireland, central Europe, and Asia. TESCO started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started surplus groceries from a stall in the East end of London. MR Cohen made profit of 1 from sales of 4 on his first day. TESCO brand first appear five years after in 1942 when he bought shipment of tea from a MR T. E Stockwell. From that time TESCO slowly improve in retail business and now they are take top position in UK retail business. Tesco aim is provide best products for their customer and make sure about customer requirements. Definitions of Marketing The definitions of marketing of marketing can be divided into two categories: Classical (narrow) and Modern (board) The classical definition of marketing has several weaknesses that are overcome in the modern definition. A proper definition of marketing should not be confined to goods and service. It should cover organization (for example, Florida Orange growers), people (political candidates and celebrities), place (Denver, Colorado), and ideas (the value of a college education). Figure 1-1 definition of marketing:- Classical / narrow Modern / board 1. Marketing is the performance activates that direct the flow goods and service from producer to consumer or user. (Ralph S.Alexander (Chairman), Report of the definitions committee, journal of marketing, vol. 12 (October 1948), pp. 202-217) 1. Marketing is the exchange taking place between consuming groups on the one hand and supplying groups on the other. (Wroe Alderson, marketing Behavior and Executive Action (Hoewood, 3 Richard D. Irwin, 1957), p. 42). 2. Marketing is the process in a society by which the demand structure for economic goods and service is anticipated or enlarged and satisfied through the conception, promotion, and physical distribution of such goods and services. (Statement of the Philosophy of the marketing faculty, the Ohio state University, The journal of marketing, vol. 29 (January 1965), pp. 43-44). 2. Marketing is concerned with regulating the level, timing, and character of demand for one or more products of an organization. (Philip kotler, The major task of marketing Management, Journal of Marketing, vol. 37 (October 1973), p. 42). 3. Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and through exchange processes. (Philip kotler, Marketing Management: Planning, Analysis, and Control, fourth edition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-hall, 1980), p. 19). Main Characteristics of Marketing There are four main characteristics of marketing oriented organization: Production Orientation: This is organizational or values where competitive advantage is attained through increase productivity or volume. Its a traditional orientation that exists in the Henry ford era. In modern times this is practiced in compliment with other orientations. Product Orientation: An organizational culture where competitive advantage gained through the creation of product leadership (high quality features) becomes the sole objective of a business. Sales orientations: An organizational culture where competitive advantage attainted through the creation of superior sales force to generate adequate sales becomes the objectives of a business. Carphone warehouse attained its objectives through telemarketing. Marketing Orientations: An organizational culture where beating competition through the creation of superior customer value is the paramount objective throughout the business (piercy, market led strategic change 2001). Key elements of market orientation The main key elements of market orientation are: Customer orientation: Understanding customer well enough to create superior value for them. Long term profit focus: Having this as strategic focus business objective. Interfunctional coordination: Mobilising all company resource to create value for target customer. Competitor orientation: Awareness of the short and long term capabilities of competitors. Organizational Culture: Management and employee behavior to focus on customer satisfactions a value. These are the key aliments that must be flow in oriented organization. Benefits of marketing approach High customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention Increase sales and market share Growth in profitability Enhanced competitive advantage Improved corporate image Cost of marketing approach Increasing customer expectations Staff training and development needs Technology requirement for customer contact and improved ways of doing business Increase resource demand to providing customer specific marketing Complex customer growing needs and power Market orientation assessment Customer orientation Regular collection of information on customer needs Customer focus corporate policies and objectives Regular customer satisfaction review and improved service levels Responsiveness to customer needs Market offers reflecting the various needs of distinct segments Competitor orientation Regular collection of information on competitor activities Responsiveness to competitor actions Bench marking on competitor offering Differentiating on the basis of customer needs Market segmentation criteria In addition to having different needs, for segments to be practical they should be evaluated against the following criteria: Identifiable: the differentiating attributes of the segments must be measurable so that they can be identified Accessible: the segments must be reachable through communication and distribution channels. Substantial: the segments should be sufficiently large to justify the resource required to target them. Unique needs: to justify separate offerings, the segments must respond differently to the different marketing mixes. Durable: the segments should be relatively stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes. A good market segmentation will result in segment that are internally homogenous and externally heterogeneous, that is, as similar as possible within the segment, and as different as possible between segments. Base for Segmentation in consumer markets: Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristics: Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioralistic http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ (access-05-01-2010) Targeting Strategy There are several different target-market strategies that may be followed. Targeting strategies usually can be categorized as one of the following: Single-segment: strategy also known as a concentrated strategy. One market segment (not the entire market) is served with one marketing mix. A single-segment approach often is the strategy of choice for smaller companies with limited resources. Selective specialization: this is a multiple-segment strategy, also known as a differentiated strategy. Different marketing mixes are offered to different segments. Product specialization: the firm specializes in serving a particular product and tailors it to different market segments. Market specialization: the firm specializes in serving a particular market segment and offers that segment an array of different products. Full market coverage: the firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment. The following diagrams show examples of the five market selection patterns given three market segments S1, S2, and S3, and three products P1, P2, and P3. Single Segment Selective Specialization Product Specialization Market Specialization Full Market Coverage S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ (access-05-01-2010) A firm that is seeking to enter a market and grow should first target the most attractive segment that matches its capabilities. Affects of buyer behavior One of the most important parts of marketing is buyer or customer behavior. Because of that TESCO must understand why a customer or buyer makes a purchase. Without such an understanding it is hard for TESCO to respond customers needs and wants. According to Peter Clark, co-editor of the Wise Market and co-author of the loyalty Guide reports series, there are six major factors that play key roles in influencing the loyalty and commitment of customer: http://www.thewisemarketer.com/news/read.asp?lc=w29860tx2320zs (access-05-01-2010) This six factors working when every customer goes to buy something. There for TESCO contain to this factor. Because of customer different needs TESCO has focus to maintain what they want and it also depend on different buying situation. There are two main factors that influence a purchase: Cultural factor: Cultural factors have a significant impact on customer behavior. Culture is the most basic cause of persons wants and behavior. Growing up, children learn basic values, perception, and wants from the family and other important groups. Social factor: A customer buying behavior is also influenced by social factors, such as the groups to which the customer belongs and social status. http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_introduction.asp (access-5-01-2010) This all factor effects on TESCO marketing operation because customer is now king and every business have to make sure about there needs. For example in local market means UK TESCO can sale pork but in Asian market it is not possible to sale pork in every place. Organization duty to make sure about customer requirements and also maintain there cultural and social wants. Marketing Mix The concept of a marketing mix is best described by (1990, 43) claiming that is the set of controllable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market it is compose of 4ps: product, price, place, and promotion. In the context of TESCO, their entry to the Chiness market should significantly adapt to the culture of the consumer in the said location. However, the company should take into keep in mind the basic standards to which their company adheres to. Product: The management of TESCO should set off product development strategies once they have taken control of their shop in China by marketing their existing products, exporting products in different province of the country and in so doing pressing forward on the possible opportunities of boosting the companys market penetration and market share. Tesco should consider restoring or revising models of their product to provide the Chiness customers what they want and what they need. In this way Tesco could develop the stores own brand product which could be marketed strategically within the territory of china. Price: Looking at the situation of Tesco, one way that it could acquire cost advantage is by enhancing process efficiency, expanding exclusive contact to a large supplier of lower cost materials, or steering clear of several costs in general. If rival organizations in the country are incapable to lower their costs by a comparable quantity, Tesco will be capable of sustaining a competitive anchored cost leadership. Place: To develop its success in its retail operations, the Tesco should make multi-million pound investments in store expansion in low-income districts and localities. By getting involved with similar-minded public and private sector groups like local community based associations, colleges, and chambers of commerce, the Tesco will be able to open sites in economically disadvantage districts in china. Targeting these areas will enable the company to gain of local luminaries and gain favor from the local government by providing employment to the locals. Promotion: The Tescos approach should constitute a long-standing strategic plan that centers on generation value to expand the loyalty of their customer which takes account of preserving a well-built central Chinese business, to be as strapping in non-food as food product and services, to develop globally and to set the ball rolling on retailing services like on-line shopping. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/tesco-marketing-mix.html (access-05-01-2010) The bottom-line is that object of the marketing mix is to satisfy the customer and in this analysis we can see place play most important roll in china situation. Because of that Tesco not catch that much success like UK or other place. Other hand tesco product price is contribute to get success of Tesco and for that in UK Tesco is a number one retail company. Different between domestic and international market There are eight main factors which is play the key roles to different between domestic and international market. The factor is below: Market size Market rate of growth Government regulation Economic and political factor Market share Product fit Contribution margin Market support (Marketing Today: Gordon Oliver 3rd edition; (1990) prentice hall Inter. (UK) limited. Hertfordshire) These are the key factor which is making different in global and domestic market. For example: In the case of Tesco, Malaysia, economic development condition, food supply chains are being rationalized according to more complicated major retail and food service consumers who wants to make business with fewer, larger, better-resourced manufacturers, suppliers and farmers. Therefore, power is polarizing the global retail industry. However Tesco has a long term business strategy in order increase profits, the company has three different dimensions in their strategies, and these are: corporate, functional and global or international. In this example we can see that how and why international marketing operation of Tesco deferent from domestic market operation. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/11/strategic-marketing-tescopestleswotbcg.html (access-06-01-2010) Different marketing strategy of Tesco Tesco brought about o lot of changes in these marketing strategies and has grown to become UKs number one retailer. Today in the UK, the retailer has been dominant force more than 10 years-(Seth, A. Randall G., The Grocers: The Rise and Rise of the supermarket Chains). If we look in Tesco history we can see Tesco always change there strategy within time base and for that they get success constantly. In 1973 Lesile Porter and managing director lan MacLaurin applied one philosophy that is pile it high, sell it cheap which had left the company stagnating and with a bad image. In 1977 Tesco launched Operation Checkout which included the abandonment of green Shield stamps, price reductions and centralized buying for all stores. The result is a rise in market share of 4% in two month. 1990s In 1994 the company took over the supermarket chain William Low, successfully fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm which operated 57 stores. Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995 and later an internet shopping service. In 1997 Tesco and Esco (part of Exxonmobil) forged a business alliance that included several petrol filling stations on lease from Esco, with Tesco operating the attached stores under the Express format. Ten years later over 600 Tesco/Esco stores can now be found across the UK. 2000s In October 2003 the company launched a UK telecoms division, comprising mobile and home phone service, to complement its existing internet service provider business. August 2004, it also launched a broadband service. In 2007 Tesco took part in a joint venture with O2 to from the Tesco Mobile virtual network operator in Ireland. In April 2009, Tesco announced that it had created a super tomato doesnt leak. We can see here that how Tesco change their strategy from beginning to until now. Other hand we can see Toscos almost entire relationship marketing strategy based on its Clubcard scheme. It has been able to use the Clubcard very effectively in addressing different customer segments and in attracting customers of all types. PESTEL Analysis http://www.learnmarketing.net/pestmarketing.jpg (access 17-12-09) PEST analysis shows the main external impacts of organization. PESTEL stands for political, economical, sociological, technological, ethical, and legal, in TESCO the following external will have great effects whether negatively or positively. Political: following the European integration and free trade Agreements, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in hungry. Economic: the Retail sector is fairly recession prawn and also very sensitive t change in interest rates. Since the events of September 11th the world economics have suffered heavily, stock plummeted and price is at all time lows. The world economy is however, now on the up post September 11th. Sociological: Change in consumer taste and lifestyle represent both opportunity and threats for the industry. Technological: change in retailing methods as such clothes sales via the internet is now a common place in retailing. Paperless operation, the management and administration of the company are undertaken on IT system, which are accessed through secure servers provide flexibility in the running of the business. Environmental: the threats are in terms of legal consequence for livestocks in terms of heath and safety. The renewal source of resource used in production, namely cotton and wool are environmentally friendly. Legal: the legal factor is national legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer and also in terms of production of own natural renewable resource for making clothes. http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php (access-07-01-2010) SWOT analysis of TESCO http://wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010) Strengths TESCO have secured commercial standing within the global market place wining Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards this can be used marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability. In an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets. As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. Weaknesses TESCO finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. TESCOs position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist in specific areas of product which can be capitalized on by other smaller bespoke retailer. Whilst current economic conditions suggest TESCO key value massage will succeeded there is a weakness in nonessential, mind to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes. Opportunities Statistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow international markets for the group. The development of TESCO Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for large non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sale and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have grown  ¼ million customer in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Threats UK and America markets have been affected by economic through the credit crunch Lower available income and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Rising raw material costs from both foods will impact profit margins overall. Changes to consumer buying behaviors require further analysis as technology develops consumers buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation. For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover form the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analyis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/(access-07-01-2010) Another element of marketing mix People: People play c crucial role in the production and delivery of products and service. The physical presence of people performing the job is a vital aspect of customer satisfaction. The people mix issue: careful job selection careful policies of selection Institute programmers in staff training etc. Process: process involved the ways in which the markets task is achieved. The process mix: company policies accessibility service feature Capacity levels etc. Physical: The physical evidence relates to those aspects of the service provider that customer can see and fell so as to from an impression of the service or its provider. The physical evidence mix: logos colours equipment company vehicles labels Packaging etc. Three new marketing mixes also create importance in marketing. There fore Tescos marketing operation also effect by this new marketing mix. Conclusion Present time Tesco is the number one retail company in UK. They expand there business all over the world for example: China, India, Malaysia etc. TESCO have to understand that international marketing and domestic marketing both are complex process. Therefore they have to maintain their marketing progress and keep focusing on customer. In this report we try to show that how Tesco operate there marketing system, what is there aim, and what they can do. So TESCOs main objective is to take long term decision to make profit and also full-fill customer needs. Recommendation Based on this analysis we can say that TESCO doing vary well retail market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of customer and their needs also no same.